The Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer (MTFF) was a European Space Agency (ESA) program to develop a space station that could be used for a variety of microgravity experiments while serving ESA's needs for an autonomous crewed space platform. It consisted of a Columbus module docked to a service module containing solar power collectors, communications and other services. The program ran from 1986 to 1991, was expected to cost $3.56 billion including launch and utilization, and was cancelled while still in the planning stage. Aspects of the program were later realised in the Columbus science laboratory attached to the International Space Station (ISS).
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| - Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer (en)
- Columbus (espaçonave) (pt)
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| - The Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer (MTFF) was a European Space Agency (ESA) program to develop a space station that could be used for a variety of microgravity experiments while serving ESA's needs for an autonomous crewed space platform. It consisted of a Columbus module docked to a service module containing solar power collectors, communications and other services. The program ran from 1986 to 1991, was expected to cost $3.56 billion including launch and utilization, and was cancelled while still in the planning stage. Aspects of the program were later realised in the Columbus science laboratory attached to the International Space Station (ISS). (en)
- O Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer (MTFF) foi um programa da Agência Espacial Europeia (ESA) para desenvolver uma estação espacial que poderia ser usada para uma variedade de experimentos de microgravidade enquanto servia as necessidades da ESA para uma plataforma espacial tripulado autônoma. O programa correu em 1986-1991, foi orçado em 3,56 bilhões de dólares, incluindo o lançamento e utilização, e foi cancelada enquanto ainda estava em fase de planejamento. Os aspectos do programa posteriormente foram realizados no laboratório de ciência Columbus ligado à Estação Espacial Internacional (EEI). (pt)
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| - Columbus MTFF drawing.jpg (en)
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| - Columbus MTFF station concept (en)
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| - The Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer (MTFF) was a European Space Agency (ESA) program to develop a space station that could be used for a variety of microgravity experiments while serving ESA's needs for an autonomous crewed space platform. It consisted of a Columbus module docked to a service module containing solar power collectors, communications and other services. The program ran from 1986 to 1991, was expected to cost $3.56 billion including launch and utilization, and was cancelled while still in the planning stage. Aspects of the program were later realised in the Columbus science laboratory attached to the International Space Station (ISS). (en)
- O Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer (MTFF) foi um programa da Agência Espacial Europeia (ESA) para desenvolver uma estação espacial que poderia ser usada para uma variedade de experimentos de microgravidade enquanto servia as necessidades da ESA para uma plataforma espacial tripulado autônoma. O programa correu em 1986-1991, foi orçado em 3,56 bilhões de dólares, incluindo o lançamento e utilização, e foi cancelada enquanto ainda estava em fase de planejamento. Os aspectos do programa posteriormente foram realizados no laboratório de ciência Columbus ligado à Estação Espacial Internacional (EEI). (pt)
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