Ella Blaylock Atherton (January 4, 1860 – September 4, 1933) was a British-born American physician. Atherton was the first woman in the province of Quebec to receive a diploma in medicine from a Canadian institution. She was the first woman admitted to a medical society in the U.S. state of Vermont; first to hold office of president of a local medical society in New Hampshire; and the first woman to do abdominal surgery in New Hampshire.