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Paper is a thin nonwoven material traditionally made from a combination of milled plant and textile fibres. The first paper-like plant-based writing sheet was papyrus in Egypt (4th Century BC), but the first true paper, the first true papermaking process was documented in China during the Eastern Han period (25–220 AD), traditionally attributed to the court official Cai Lun. This plant-puree conglomerate produced by pulp mills and paper mills was used for writing, drawing, and money. During the 8th century, Chinese paper making spread to the Islamic world, replacing papyrus. By the 11th century, papermaking was brought to Europe, where it replaced animal-skin-based parchment and wood panels. By the 13th century, papermaking was refined with paper mills using waterwheels in Spain. Later imp

Attributes	Values
rdf:type	Thing
rdfs:label	تاريخ الورق (ar) Histoire du papier (fr) History of paper (en) 종이의 역사 (ko) Papperets historia (sv) 纸的历史 (zh)
rdfs:comment	المخطوطات الورقية عبر العصور : كل الناس يعلمون ما يؤديه الورق من خدمات في ميادين: الكتابة والطباعة وحتى . لكن قد لا يعرف إلا القليل منهم حكاية ماضيه وتطوراته.إن فكرة استخدام مادة صالحة للرسم والكتابة لقديمة العهد، وقد نقش الإنسان البدائي أشكالاً ورموزاً على الخشب أو على الحجر على جوانب الكهوف والمغارات القديمة. ثم بدأ يكتب على ، وعلى اللحاء، ثم على العظام وعلى صفحات من خزف مطلي ، ثم على صفائح من رصاص أو من معادن أخرى، حتى فكر المصريون القدامى في استخدام لحاء نبات البردي (Papyrus) وهي كلمة اشتقت منها كلمة (Paper) وانتشر استعمال البردي في مصر القديمة ثم في اليونان وإيطاليا، وبقي ورق البردي طوال قرون عديدة الوسيلة الوحيدة للكتابة في مصر وإيطاليا واليونان ومستعمراتها. (ar) L'histoire du papier proprement dit, composé par des fibres de cellulose agglomérées, commence en Chine il y a 2 000 ans. Le papier se transmet par l'Asie centrale et l'empire arabo-musulman jusqu'en Europe, ses producteurs l'adaptant aux instruments d'écriture de chaque région. L'imprimerie stimule sa consommation. Au XIXe siècle, l'industrialisation provoque un changement radical de matière première, passant du chiffon au bois. On s'aperçoit cent ans plus tard que ce papier résiste beaucoup moins bien dans le temps, amenant de nouvelles précautions pour produire un papier non acide. (fr) Produktion av papper, tillverkat genom avvattning av en fibersuspension, utvecklades först i Kina runt år 100 efter Kristus. Dessförinnan och under ytterligare mer än tusen år tillverkades i flera olika kulturer produkter för skrivändamål från till exempel pappersmullbärsträdet (Broussonetia papyrifera), nässelbast, papyrusväxten, gräs och andra växter med sådana egenskaper som gjorde dem lämpliga för att skapa en arkstruktur. Vidare användes för skrivändamål läder (pergament) och även lertavlor och stentavlor, såsom till exempel runstenar. (sv) 纸是一种非编制薄片，传统上是由处理过的植物纤维和纺织纤维组合而成，主要用于书写、艺术创作和包装，通常呈白色。大约在公元前3000年，古埃及人就开始使用莎草纸，并将这种特产出口到古希腊等古代地中海文明地区，甚至遥远的欧洲内陆和西亚。莎草纸消亡以后，制作莎草纸的传统技术也因缺乏记载而失传。根据中国史料记录，中国地区最早的造纸工艺见于东汉时期（公元25-220年），归功于宫廷官员蔡伦。8世纪，中国的造纸术传播到伊斯兰世界，出现了用来造纸和造币的制浆厂和造纸厂。到11世纪，造纸术进入欧洲。到13世纪，西班牙的造纸厂利用水车改进了造纸工艺。后来在19世纪，随着木浆纸的发明，欧洲对造纸工艺进一步做出了改进。尽管地中海世界和哥伦布以前的美洲分别存在莎草纸和这样的书写介质，但这些材料并不被定义为真正的纸张。羊皮纸，一种兽皮经过复杂加工做成的书写材料，比纸更早，甚至可能早于莎草纸，它同样也不被视为纸张。20世纪，随着塑料制品的出现，出现了一类塑料“纸”，还有含有塑料或金属的各类复合纸，以及注入或涂覆有不同材料的纸，这些材料赋予了纸张特殊的性能。 (zh) Paper is a thin nonwoven material traditionally made from a combination of milled plant and textile fibres. The first paper-like plant-based writing sheet was papyrus in Egypt (4th Century BC), but the first true paper, the first true papermaking process was documented in China during the Eastern Han period (25–220 AD), traditionally attributed to the court official Cai Lun. This plant-puree conglomerate produced by pulp mills and paper mills was used for writing, drawing, and money. During the 8th century, Chinese paper making spread to the Islamic world, replacing papyrus. By the 11th century, papermaking was brought to Europe, where it replaced animal-skin-based parchment and wood panels. By the 13th century, papermaking was refined with paper mills using waterwheels in Spain. Later imp (en) 다음은 종이의 역사에 관한 설명이다. 문자를 글로 남겨 두기 위해 고대 이집트에서 양피지가, 아시아에서는 얇은 죽편이 사용되었다. 또 고대 이집트(B.C.3000년경)에서 파피루스라고 하는 풀의 섬유로 종이와 비슷한 것을 만들었는데, 이것이 오늘날 영어의 'paper'의 어원이 되었다. 현재 사용되고 있는 종이(식물에서 셀룰로오스를 뽑아 내 이것을 체 같은 것으로 걸러서 만든 것)를 처음으로 만든 사람은 중국의 채륜(105년)인데, 그는 삼·아마 등에서 섬유를 분리하여 이것을 얇은 막상으로 걸러서 떠내어 종이를 만들었다. 이 방법은 후에 710년경 중국인 포로에 의해 사마르칸드에 전파되었으며, 12세기에 이르러 무어인이 에스파냐에 도입하여 점차로 유럽에 퍼지게 된 것이다. 그 후 7세기 동안 유럽에서는 식물섬유·넝마를 원료로 하는 수공적인 제지가 행해졌고, 19세기에 이르러서야 기계화가 시작되어 1798년에 로베르가 연속식 초조기를 고안하고, 1808년에 푸르드리니어 형제가 개량·제작에 성공하였으며, 또한 이와 거의 동시에 디킨슨이 환망식 초지기를 발명하였다. 인쇄술의 발달은 제지기술의 발달을 초래하였으며, 이에 따른 원료의 대량생산이 요구됨으로써 1840년에 켈러의 쇄목펄프 발명을 시작으로 1854년에 소다 펄프가, 1866년에 아황산 펄프가, 1884년에 크래프트 펄프가 발명되었다. (ko)
rdfs:seeAlso	Dunhuang manuscripts
foaf:depiction
dcterms:subject	Industrial history Forest history History of technology Paper
Wikipage page ID	21182020 (xsd:integer)
Wikipage revision ID	1122258653 (xsd:integer)
Link from a Wikipage to another Wikipage	Cai Lun Cairo American Writing Paper Company Abbasids Pre-Columbian era Province of Ancona Province of Ferrara Robert brothers Samarkand Sanskrit Miami Valley Mortar and pestle Ma Huan Battle of Talas Bodleian Library Bookbinding Dayton, Ohio Delaware Valley Denmark Animal glue Industrial history History of writing Holland Holyoke, Massachusetts Persian language Peter III of Aragon Republic of Venice Cyperus papyrus Ulman Stromer Deinking Paper mill Papyrus Printing press Crane Currency Ancient China Forest history Maya civilization Russia Yan Zhitui Pulp mill Cincinnati Egypt Emperor Wu of Han England Envelope Friedrich Gottlob Keller Frogmore Paper Mill Gansu Germany Gilgit Grand Vizier Great Britain Morocco Mulberry Muslim conquest of Transoxiana Cremation Thomas Jefferson Arab Arabic Arabic language Bast fibre London Cairo Geniza Silk Sindh

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