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Hoe-farming is a term introduced (as German: Hackbau; as opposed to Ackerbau) by in 1910to collectively refer to primitive forms of agriculture, defined by the absence of the plough. Tillage in hoe-farming cultures is done by simple manual tools such as digging sticks or hoes.Hoe-farming is the earliest form of agriculture practiced in the Neolithic Revolution.Early forms of the plough (ard) were introduced throughout the Near East (Naqada II) and Europe (Linear Pottery culture) by the 5th to 4th millennium BC. The invention spread throughout Greater Persia and parts of Central Asia, reaching East Asia in the 2nd millennium BC (Chinese Bronze Age).

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  • Hackbau (de)
  • Hoe-farming (en)
  • Kopieniactwo (pl)
  • Hackbruk (sv)
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  • Uprawa kopieniacza – sposób uprawy gleby, polegający na odwracaniu warstwy wierzchniej przy zastosowaniu narzędzi ręcznych (np. szpadla, motyki). Metoda mało wydajna, stosowana w epoce późnego mezolitu i wczesnego neolitu przed upowszechnieniem się orki sprzężajnej. Obecnie stosowana w uprawie niewielkich areałów rolnych (np. ogródków przydomowych), których mała powierzchnia uniemożliwia wykorzystanie zmechanizowanych środków produkcji rolniczej. (pl)
  • Der Begriff Hackbau wurde von Eduard Hahn geprägt, um eine Form der Kultivierung zu bezeichnen, die mit Hacken erfolgte und im Hackbaugürtel stattfand. Den Begriff Ackerbau will Hahn auf den Nutzpflanzenanbau mit Hilfe des Pfluges beschränken. Hackbau ist für Hahn mit speziellen Haustieren verbunden, wie dem Huhn, dem Truthahn und Meerschweinchen, in Afrika mit der Ziege. Intensiver Hackbau kann als Grundlage staatlicher Gesellschaften dienen, wie in Mexiko und Peru. (de)
  • Hoe-farming is a term introduced (as German: Hackbau; as opposed to Ackerbau) by in 1910to collectively refer to primitive forms of agriculture, defined by the absence of the plough. Tillage in hoe-farming cultures is done by simple manual tools such as digging sticks or hoes.Hoe-farming is the earliest form of agriculture practiced in the Neolithic Revolution.Early forms of the plough (ard) were introduced throughout the Near East (Naqada II) and Europe (Linear Pottery culture) by the 5th to 4th millennium BC. The invention spread throughout Greater Persia and parts of Central Asia, reaching East Asia in the 2nd millennium BC (Chinese Bronze Age). (en)
  • Hackbruk är en form av jordbruk där man först bränner upp den vilda vegetationen i området där man ska bruka jorden, så att man får fram jorden som har ett kvävetillskott som gynnar växterna. Man luckrar upp jorden med en hacka i det området där man har bränt vegetationen för att bruka jorden. Man odlar ett visst antal år och sen låter man det växa igen så att man ska kunna bruka jorden på nytt igen. Den tekniken kallas för växelbruk. Den här metoden försörjer mer människor än svedjebruket. (sv)
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  • Der Begriff Hackbau wurde von Eduard Hahn geprägt, um eine Form der Kultivierung zu bezeichnen, die mit Hacken erfolgte und im Hackbaugürtel stattfand. Den Begriff Ackerbau will Hahn auf den Nutzpflanzenanbau mit Hilfe des Pfluges beschränken. Hackbau ist für Hahn mit speziellen Haustieren verbunden, wie dem Huhn, dem Truthahn und Meerschweinchen, in Afrika mit der Ziege. Intensiver Hackbau kann als Grundlage staatlicher Gesellschaften dienen, wie in Mexiko und Peru. Hackstockbau ist für Eduard Hahn eine Unterform des Hackbaus. Der Gartenbau, also die intensive Kultivierung kleiner Grundstücke wie in China und Japan ist für Hahn die höchste Stufe des Hackbaus. (de)
  • Hoe-farming is a term introduced (as German: Hackbau; as opposed to Ackerbau) by in 1910to collectively refer to primitive forms of agriculture, defined by the absence of the plough. Tillage in hoe-farming cultures is done by simple manual tools such as digging sticks or hoes.Hoe-farming is the earliest form of agriculture practiced in the Neolithic Revolution.Early forms of the plough (ard) were introduced throughout the Near East (Naqada II) and Europe (Linear Pottery culture) by the 5th to 4th millennium BC. The invention spread throughout Greater Persia and parts of Central Asia, reaching East Asia in the 2nd millennium BC (Chinese Bronze Age). The parts of the world where agriculture was introduced but not the plough (in the case of the New World up to the introduction of plough-farming with European colonization) were named the hoe-cultivation belt (Hackbaugürtel) by Hahn (1914), followed by Werth (1954). The Hoe-cultivation belt is mostly located in tropical latitudes, including Sub-Saharan Africa (but not the Horn of Africa, where the plough appears to have been introduced via Egypt), Maritime Southeast Asia, and the pre-Columbian Americas. Hoe-farming often coincides with long fallow systems and shifting cultivation. Split hoes (also known as prong hoes, tined hoes or bent forks) are hoes that have two or more tines at right angles to the shaft. Their use is typically to loosen the soil, prior to planting or sowing. It provides the ability to cultivate effectively at small row distances. is contrasted to permanent plough-based cultivation systems and the intensification of agriculture. Hoe-farming may contain slash and burn clearance techniques, but they are not strictly necessary. It is usually embedded in the logic of subsistence agriculture. (en)
  • Hackbruk är en form av jordbruk där man först bränner upp den vilda vegetationen i området där man ska bruka jorden, så att man får fram jorden som har ett kvävetillskott som gynnar växterna. Man luckrar upp jorden med en hacka i det området där man har bränt vegetationen för att bruka jorden. Man odlar ett visst antal år och sen låter man det växa igen så att man ska kunna bruka jorden på nytt igen. Den tekniken kallas för växelbruk. Den här metoden försörjer mer människor än svedjebruket. Hackbruk är framförallt avsett för självförsörjning men ibland räcker skördarna till fler familjer. Man brukar odla flera olika saker, till exempel majs, grönsaker, potatis och de tropiska sädesslagen hirs och durra. Det är ett av de mindre jordbrukssätten eftersom det framförallt är till för självbruk. (sv)
  • Uprawa kopieniacza – sposób uprawy gleby, polegający na odwracaniu warstwy wierzchniej przy zastosowaniu narzędzi ręcznych (np. szpadla, motyki). Metoda mało wydajna, stosowana w epoce późnego mezolitu i wczesnego neolitu przed upowszechnieniem się orki sprzężajnej. Obecnie stosowana w uprawie niewielkich areałów rolnych (np. ogródków przydomowych), których mała powierzchnia uniemożliwia wykorzystanie zmechanizowanych środków produkcji rolniczej. (pl)
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