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Hong Chengchou (1593–1665), courtesy name Yanyan and art name Hengjiu, was a Chinese official who served under the Ming and Qing dynasties. He was born in present-day Liangshan Village, Yingdu Town, Fujian Province, China. After obtaining the position of a jinshi (進士; successful candidate) in the imperial examination in 1616 during the reign of the Wanli Emperor, he joined the civil service of the Ming Empire and served as an official in Shaanxi. During the reign of the Chongzhen Emperor (r. 1627–1644), he was promoted to Minister of War and Viceroy of Suliao (薊遼; an area which included parts of present-day Shandong, Hebei and Tianjin). In 1642, he surrendered and defected to the Manchu-led Qing Empire after his defeat at the Battle of Songjin. He became one of the Qing Empire's leading Ha

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  • Hong Chengchou (en)
  • Hong Chengchou (it)
  • 洪承疇 (ja)
  • 洪承疇 (zh)
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  • 洪 承疇（こう じょうちゅう、1593年10月16日（万暦21年9月22日） - 1665年4月3日（康熙4年2月18日））は、中国明末清初の官僚・武将。字は彦演、号は亨九。福建省泉州府南安県英都の人。 明の進士として農民反乱の鎮圧に成果をあげて崇禎年間には兵部尚書に昇進し、さらに薊遼総督となってからは北東部の対清戦線の総責任者として防衛を指揮したが、後に清朝に降伏した。帰順後はドルゴンの信任を得て漢人大学士の筆頭として明朝の政治制度を移植して清朝の統治機構の基礎を構築し、南明征伐も指揮した。 だが明の遺臣の間では当然としても、清朝内でも（特に清朝の統治が安定して以降は）降将である洪承疇には「主君を裏切った」という評価が付きまとい、現在でも「清初の功臣」・「弐臣」と評価が分かれている。 (ja)
  • 洪承疇（1593年10月16日－1665年4月3日），字彥演，號亨九，福建南安縣英都（今英都镇良山村）人。明末清初政治家、軍事家、名將、重臣、漢臣領袖。崇禎時官至兵部尚書、薊遼總督，松錦之戰敗戰後降清，成为清朝首位汉人大学士。洪在明代時以謀略聞名，討伐流寇、滿人屢戰皆捷，但在松錦之戰，兵敗投降清，為了鞏固清朝的統治，政治上，洪建議清廷採納許多明朝的典章制度，獻計甚多，大多被清廷信納，加以推行，完善清王朝的國家機器。文化上，洪承疇建議滿洲統治集團也須弘揚儒家學術，尊信孔孟，“習漢文，曉漢語”，瞭解漢人禮俗，淡化滿漢之間的差異，亦為清朝统治汉人的統治基礎。清兵入關以後，洪承疇的功勞極大，可以說除了多爾袞及范文程以外，再無他人。 (zh)
  • Hong Chengchou (1593–1665), courtesy name Yanyan and art name Hengjiu, was a Chinese official who served under the Ming and Qing dynasties. He was born in present-day Liangshan Village, Yingdu Town, Fujian Province, China. After obtaining the position of a jinshi (進士; successful candidate) in the imperial examination in 1616 during the reign of the Wanli Emperor, he joined the civil service of the Ming Empire and served as an official in Shaanxi. During the reign of the Chongzhen Emperor (r. 1627–1644), he was promoted to Minister of War and Viceroy of Suliao (薊遼; an area which included parts of present-day Shandong, Hebei and Tianjin). In 1642, he surrendered and defected to the Manchu-led Qing Empire after his defeat at the Battle of Songjin. He became one of the Qing Empire's leading Ha (en)
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  • Hong Chengchou (en)
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  • Hong Chengchou (en)
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  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hong_Chengchou_signature.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/洪承畴.jpg
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