A “like product” describes the particular relationship in international trade law between two goods that are produced by two different trading nations. This concept is the foundation of the two central principles of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) system as outlined in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 (GATT): Most Favoured Nation (Article I) and National Treatment (Article III). If two products cannot be differentiated under the WTO system/GATT then the non-discrimination principle stipulates that a WTO trading member shall not discriminate between like products from different trading partners (giving them equally “most favoured-nation” status) and shall not discriminate between its own and like foreign products (giving them “national treatment”). In essence, if two produ
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- Like product (en)
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| - A “like product” describes the particular relationship in international trade law between two goods that are produced by two different trading nations. This concept is the foundation of the two central principles of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) system as outlined in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 (GATT): Most Favoured Nation (Article I) and National Treatment (Article III). If two products cannot be differentiated under the WTO system/GATT then the non-discrimination principle stipulates that a WTO trading member shall not discriminate between like products from different trading partners (giving them equally “most favoured-nation” status) and shall not discriminate between its own and like foreign products (giving them “national treatment”). In essence, if two produ (en)
- Barang sejenis (bahasa Inggris: like products) adalah istilah yang mendeskripsikan hubungan antara dua barang yang diproduksi oleh dua negara yang berbeda. Konsep ini merupakan konsep yang mendasari dua asas utama Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (WTO) seperti yang tersurat di dalam Perjanjian Umum Tarif dan Perdagangan, yaitu prinsip most favoured nation (Pasal I) dan national treatment (Pasal III). Jika dua produk dianggap serupa berdasarkan sistem WTO, maka asas non-diskriminasi mengatur bahwa anggota WTO harus memberikan perlakuan yang sama untuk kedua produk tersebut dan tidak boleh mendiskriminasi barang sejenis yang berasal dari negara lain. (in)
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| - A “like product” describes the particular relationship in international trade law between two goods that are produced by two different trading nations. This concept is the foundation of the two central principles of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) system as outlined in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 (GATT): Most Favoured Nation (Article I) and National Treatment (Article III). If two products cannot be differentiated under the WTO system/GATT then the non-discrimination principle stipulates that a WTO trading member shall not discriminate between like products from different trading partners (giving them equally “most favoured-nation” status) and shall not discriminate between its own and like foreign products (giving them “national treatment”). In essence, if two products are found to be ‘like’ then the issue is whether the foreign product is treated less favourable than the domestic product or another foreign product. The definition of ‘like product’ has given GATT and WTO's appellate body and panels many interpretive difficulties. It has been difficult to apply this concept of ‘like product’ uniformly throughout GATT since contracting parties have never developed a general definition of “like product” for application to all provisions of GATT, therefore likeness should be assessed on a case-by-case basis. The Japan – Custom Duties, Taxes and Labeling Practices on Imported Wines and Alcoholic Beverages panel and appellate body gave an apt metaphor in its final report:
* "The concept of "likeness" is a relative one and evokes the image of an accordion. The accordion of "likeness" stretches and squeezes in different places as different provisions of the WTO Agreement are applied. The width of the accordion in any one of those places must be determined by the particular provision in which the term "like" is encountered as well as by the context and the circumstances that prevail in any given case to which that provision may apply". (en)
- Barang sejenis (bahasa Inggris: like products) adalah istilah yang mendeskripsikan hubungan antara dua barang yang diproduksi oleh dua negara yang berbeda. Konsep ini merupakan konsep yang mendasari dua asas utama Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (WTO) seperti yang tersurat di dalam Perjanjian Umum Tarif dan Perdagangan, yaitu prinsip most favoured nation (Pasal I) dan national treatment (Pasal III). Jika dua produk dianggap serupa berdasarkan sistem WTO, maka asas non-diskriminasi mengatur bahwa anggota WTO harus memberikan perlakuan yang sama untuk kedua produk tersebut dan tidak boleh mendiskriminasi barang sejenis yang berasal dari negara lain. Penentuan definisi "barang sejenis" telah menjadi tantangan bagi Panel dan Appellate Body WTO. Pada umumnya, konsep "sejenis" ditentukan sesuai dengan perkara yang sedang dihadapi. Dalam perkara Japan – Custom Duties, Taxes and Labeling Practices on Imported Wines and Alcoholic Beverages, Panel dan Appellate Body mengumpamakan konsep "barang sejenis" seperti alat musik akordeon: akordeon "kesejenisan" dapat ditarik dan diulur, dan begitu pula konsep "barang sejenis" yang cakupannya bisa luas atau sempit, tergantung pada fakta yang dihadapi di dalam suatu perkara. Secara umum, terdapat empat faktor yang dapat dipertimbangkan untuk menentukan "kesejenisan":
* Karakteristik fisik: semakin mirip suatu produk dengan produk lain, maka kedua produk tersebut semakin "serupa"
* Kemiripan fungsional atau kegunaan: apakah kedua produk tersebut memiliki kegunaan yang sama
* Klasifikasi tarif suatu produk (contohnya dengan melihat )
* Selera dan perilaku konsumen: sejauh mana konsumen menganggap suatu produk sebagai alternatif dari produk lain untuk memenuhi permintaan atau kebutuhan mereka Sebagai catatan, keempat faktor ini tidak bersifat mutlak, atau dalam kata lain tidak semua faktor harus dipenuhi untuk menentukan "kesejenisan". Selain itu, proses dan metode produksi bukanlah kriteria yang dapat dipertimbangkan untuk menentukan "kesejenisan", seperti yang terjadi dalam . (in)
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