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A magnetic nozzle is a convergent-divergent magnetic field that guides, expands and accelerates a plasma jet into vacuum for the purpose of space propulsion. The magnetic field in a magnetic nozzle plays a similar role to the convergent-divergent solid walls in a de Laval nozzle, wherein a hot neutral gas is expanded first subsonically and then supersonically to increase thrust. Like a de Laval nozzle, a magnetic nozzle converts the internal energy of the plasma into directed kinetic energy, but the operation is based on the interaction of the applied magnetic field with the electric charges in the plasma, rather than on pressure forces acting on solid walls. The main advantage of a magnetic nozzle over a solid one is that it can operate contactlessly, i.e. avoiding the material contact wi

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  • Tobera magnética (es)
  • Magnetic nozzle (en)
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  • Una tobera magnética consiste en un campo magnético convergente-divergente capaz de guiar, expandir y acelerar un plasma. Estos dispositivos de aceleración son una parte fundamental de varios conceptos de propulsión eléctrica espacial, así como de varios sistemas de producción avanzados, como ciertos sistemas de mecanizado por haces de partículas. (es)
  • A magnetic nozzle is a convergent-divergent magnetic field that guides, expands and accelerates a plasma jet into vacuum for the purpose of space propulsion. The magnetic field in a magnetic nozzle plays a similar role to the convergent-divergent solid walls in a de Laval nozzle, wherein a hot neutral gas is expanded first subsonically and then supersonically to increase thrust. Like a de Laval nozzle, a magnetic nozzle converts the internal energy of the plasma into directed kinetic energy, but the operation is based on the interaction of the applied magnetic field with the electric charges in the plasma, rather than on pressure forces acting on solid walls. The main advantage of a magnetic nozzle over a solid one is that it can operate contactlessly, i.e. avoiding the material contact wi (en)
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  • Una tobera magnética consiste en un campo magnético convergente-divergente capaz de guiar, expandir y acelerar un plasma. Estos dispositivos de aceleración son una parte fundamental de varios conceptos de propulsión eléctrica espacial, así como de varios sistemas de producción avanzados, como ciertos sistemas de mecanizado por haces de partículas. Por sus características, permiten el control continuo de empuje e impulso específico (actuaciones de gran importancia en las aplicaciones propulsivas), o modificar las propiedades del chorro de plasma a la salida. Un aspecto fundamental de estas toberas, en contraposición a las toberas materiales de Laval, es el hecho de que evitan el contacto material con el plasma –de elevada temperatura– y los serios problemas de refrigeración, durabilidad y eficiencia asociados. La evolución de un plasma en una tobera magnética es similar a la de un gas neutro en una tobera sólida de Laval, si bien su física es mucho más rica y compleja debido a las características del plasma y a las interacciones electromagnéticas. Con todo, poco se conoce de dicho proceso de aceleración y expansión, y la mayor parte de los escasos modelos existentes están enfocados al estudio del fenómeno del desprendimiento aguas abajo del plasma de las líneas de campo cerradas. (es)
  • A magnetic nozzle is a convergent-divergent magnetic field that guides, expands and accelerates a plasma jet into vacuum for the purpose of space propulsion. The magnetic field in a magnetic nozzle plays a similar role to the convergent-divergent solid walls in a de Laval nozzle, wherein a hot neutral gas is expanded first subsonically and then supersonically to increase thrust. Like a de Laval nozzle, a magnetic nozzle converts the internal energy of the plasma into directed kinetic energy, but the operation is based on the interaction of the applied magnetic field with the electric charges in the plasma, rather than on pressure forces acting on solid walls. The main advantage of a magnetic nozzle over a solid one is that it can operate contactlessly, i.e. avoiding the material contact with the hot plasma, which would lead to system inefficiencies and reduced lifetime of the nozzle. Additional advantages include the capability of modifying the strength and geometry of the applied magnetic field in-flight, allowing the nozzle to adapt to different propulsive requirements and space missions. Magnetic nozzles are the fundamental acceleration stage of several next-generation plasma thrusters currently under development, such as the , the electron-cyclotron resonance plasma thruster, the VASIMR, and the applied-field magnetoplasmadynamic thruster. Magnetic nozzles also find another field of application in advanced plasma manufacturing processes, and their physics are related to those of several magnetic confinement plasma fusion devices. (en)
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