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| - The Nun of Watton (born in the 1140s) was the protagonist of a drama at Watton Priory in Yorkshire, recorded by St Aelred of Rievaulx around 1160 in De Quodam Miraculo Mirabili, long known as De Sanctimoniali de Wattun. In this story of twelfth-century life, the nun in question was admitted to the Gilbertine monastery at Watton in the East Riding of Yorkshire, one of the most successful monasteries of those founded by Gilbert of Sempringham. The girl was admitted at approximately four years of age, at the request of Henry Murdac Archbishop of York. Nothing is known about her family, however, the fact that Henry took an interest in her, as well as her stature as a nun at an early age (as opposed to a lay sister) suggests that she was not from the lowest ranks of society. During this time period, the policy of the Gilbertines with respect to accepting children into religious order was less strict than in many contemporary religious orders, including the Gilbertines themselves at a later date. Aelred himself was a Cistercian, and his order took a paternalistic interest in the newly founded Gilbertine monasteries after refusing to accept responsibility for them. The Gilbertine Watton Priory was a double monastery with both male and female members and was the only such house in the diocese of York in the twelfth century. According to Aelred's report of the senior nuns' comments, (1110–1167) the young girl adopted into the monastery grew into a rebellious young woman. She soon made the acquaintance of a lay brother in the attached male community, meeting him when some of the brothers "to whom the care of external affairs was entrusted" entered the nunnery to do some work. One of these brothers, described by Aelred as "more comely than the others in features and more flourishing in age," captured her attraction, and after a series of discreet exchanges, they arranged to meet at night "at the sound of a stone" that the brother promised to throw onto the roof or wall of the building where she was waiting. After two unsuccessful attempts, the two finally managed to meet. According to Aelred, "She went out a virgin of Christ, and she soon returned an adulteress," clearly indicating that their furtive relationship had been consummated following their encounter. The lovers continued to meet secretly, until eventually the other nuns became suspicious of the repeated noise of the stones thrown by the man. The senior sisters challenged the young nun, who confessed to her sins. Aelred then goes on to describe the fury of the nuns who seized and beat the young woman in punishment for her crime. They tore her veil from her head, and were prevented only by the senior sisters from burning, flaying, and branding the young nun. She was then chained by fetters on each leg, placed in a cell, and fed with only bread and water. Megan Cassidy-Welch "demonstrates the diverse ways in which medieval Christian thinkers portrayed the prison as an essentially reformist and salvific space since, separated from the temptations of the outside world, prisoners had an ample opportunity to devote themselves to continuous prayer, contrition, and praise of God." The male culprit fled from Watton; however, his subsequent whereabouts were revealed by the nun. He was then tracked down by several brothers from Watton, who captured him by having one brother impersonate the culprit's lover and lure him in, while the other brothers lay in wait to attack. After the young man was captured, the nuns, filled with religious zeal and with a desire to avenge their injured virginity, engaged in a brutal attack of the offending brother. He was taken by them, thrown down, and held while his lover stood by. She was handed an instrument, presumably a knife of some sort, and she was forced to castrate him. At this point, one of the senior sisters snatched the newly severed genitalia and thrust them into the disgraced nun's mouth. Following the castration, the young man was returned to the brothers, and the nun was put back into her prison. Henry Murdac, Archbishop of York, who had brought her to the priory, then appeared to the nun in her sleep, instructing her to confess her sins and recite psalms. He returned to her again on the following night, just when the nun was about to give birth. He was accompanied by two heavenly women, who took away the baby, and cleansed the young nun's body of sin and pregnancy. This caused her chains and fetters to fall off. The next morning, her caretakers found her healthy, clean, and distinctly not pregnant. After thorough inspection of her cell, they found no evidence of a birth at all. Additionally, the chains and fetters that had previously held her had fallen off. After Gilbert was informed of these miraculous events, he consulted Aelred before proceeding. Aelred investigated and declared the event to be a miracle after deciding that she could have been freed "neither by others nor by herself without the strength of God", and therefore it would be sacrilegious to imprison her again. Aelred fully accepted the authenticity of the events he described, and deemed the miraculous delivery of the child and the freeing of the nun from her fetters to be more important than the preceding acts of adultery and punishment. However, he was also intensely critical of the nun's fellow sisters and of Gilbert of Sempringham himself for their lack of pastoral care. The miracle described in this story introduces both a socially and religiously acceptable method for disposing of an unwanted child, as well as providing a precedent for reconciliation in religious communities after one of its most cherished norms had been shattered. It also showcases the brutality and narrow mindedness of Christendom in regards to women. Although at the time, death and other punishments were recognized as just penalties for adultery and fornication, various scholars have focused on the degree of brutality that these nuns perpetrated on their hapless charge and her unfortunate lover. 's 2006 translation of the work shows Aelred's ambivalence about the propriety of the nuns' behaviour toward their charge and her lover, and the apparent absence of pastoral care available to the hapless young woman at the centre of this case. 's history of the Gilbertines places the incident in its historical context. It has been suggested that the most remarkable feature of the punishment at Watton was not the beating or the imprisonments, but the castration performance by the woman herself, and the subsequent insertion into her mouth of the severed genitalia. A conservative interpretation of the punishments describes the reactions of the nuns and canons as being fueled by a passionate desire to defend the honor of Christ and their monastery. This communal desire arose from the fear that the sin of one of their members would be associated with the entire monastery, and they would all suffer as a result. Aelred's letter "is a redemptive narrative, written to be understood both literally and metaphorically. Aelred uses the physicality of the pregnancy itself, and the conditions of the nun’s incarceration, to bring to his reader the themes of physical and spiritual gestation and rebirth." (en)
- La Religieuse de Watton (née dans les années 1140) a été le personnage central d'un drame qui se serait passé au XIIe siècle dans un monastère double de Gilbertines, dans le Yorkshire. Elle y avait été admise alors qu'elle était encore toute gamine mais il s'avéra qu'elle n'avait aucune aptitude pour le célibat forcé que devait mener une religieuse. Selon Aelred de Rievaulx (1110-1167), qui raconte son histoire, l'adolescente se révolta et fit la connaissance d'un frère lai qui était dans le monastère d'hommes voisin ; ils eurent entre eux un commerce coupable, et elle tomba enceinte. Quand les nonnes du couvent se furent aperçues que leur consœur avait fauté, elles n'hésitèrent pas à la mettre nue, à la fouetter et à l'enchaîner, mais non sans avoir vérifié que c'était bien le frère lai qui était coupable ; elles lui envoyèrent un moine déguisé qui avait pris les vêtements de la fautive, sur quoi l'incorrigible frère lai tenta de refaire avec lui ce qu'il avait fait avec elle. Alors les moniales tramèrent un plan et débattirent sur ce qu'il fallait faire de leur sœur dévoyée. Quelques-unes parmi les plus jeunes religieuses étaient d'avis qu'on la brûlât, d'autres qu'on la grillât, d'autres encore qu'on l'écorchât vive, mais les plus vieilles en décidèrent autrement. On enleva ses chaînes à la sœur enceinte et l'on se servit d'elle pour attirer dans un piège le scélérat ; on se saisit alors de lui et on força la malheureuse à le châtrer de ses propres mains ; après quoi une de ses consœurs lui fourra dans la bouche les parties coupées encore gorgées de sang, puis on remit la religieuse dans ses fers. C'est dans sa prison que lui serait apparu Henry Murdac, le saint abbé qui l'avait confiée au monastère, accompagné de deux femmes : il la délivra miraculeusement de ses chaînes et lui rendit sa pureté tandis qu'elle se retrouvait par un prodige débarrassée de sa grossesse. Elle aurait repris en vraie célibataire la vie chaste de son couvent. Des chroniqueurs modernes, comme John Boswell et Sarah Salih, ont mis l'accent sur le degré de brutalité qu'ont montré ces religieuses vis-à-vis de leur infortunée consœur et de son malheureux amant. The Kindness of Strangers de Boswell (1989) a donné une traduction en anglais moderne du récit original d'Aelred, et Aelred lui aussi a éprouvé des sentiments partagés sur le comportement des moniales vis-à-vis des deux amants, et sur leur absence apparente de charité chrétienne envers la pauvre jeune femme qui est au centre de cette affaire. L'History of the Gilbertines de Brian Golding replace l'incident dans son contexte historique. (fr)
- A freira de Watton (c. 1140 — ?) foi a protagonista de um drama do em Yorkshire, gravurado por Elredo de Rievaulx em De Sanctimoniali de Wattun. Nesta história biográfica do século XII, a freira em questão foi admitida no mosteiro gilbertino de , East Riding of Yorkshire, um dos mosteiros mais bem-sucedidos daqueles fundados por . A menina foi internada com aproximadamente quatro anos de idade, a pedido do , arcebispo de Iorque. Nada se sabe sobre sua família, no entanto, o fato de que Henry se interessou por ela, bem como sua estatura como freira em uma idade precoce (ao contrário de uma irmã leiga) sugere que ela não pertencia aos escalões mais baixos da sociedade. Durante este período de tempo, a política dos gilbertinos a respeito de aceitar crianças na ordem religiosa era menos rigorosa do que em muitas ordens religiosas contemporâneas, incluindo os próprios gilbertinos como uma data posterior. O próprio Elredo era cisterciense, e sua ordem teve um interesse paternalista nos recém-fundados mosteiros gilbertinos depois de se recusar a assimilar com eles porque os gilbertinos permitiam mulheres em suas casas. O priorado gilbertino de Watton era um com membros masculinos e femininos, e foi a única casa desse tipo na diocese de Iorque no século XII. (pt)
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