About: Operation Moonwatch

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Operation Moonwatch (also known as Project Moonwatch and, more simply, as Moonwatch) was an amateur science program formally initiated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) in 1956. The SAO organized Moonwatch as part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) which was probably the largest single scientific undertaking in history. Its initial goal was to enlist the aid of amateur astronomers and other citizens who would help professional scientists spot the first artificial satellites. Until professionally staffed optical tracking stations came on-line in 1958, this network of amateur scientists and other interested citizens played a critical role in providing crucial information regarding the world's first satellites.

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rdfs:label	Moonwatch (de) Operation Moonwatch (en) Operação Moonwatch (pt)
rdfs:comment	Operation Moonwatch (also known as Project Moonwatch and, more simply, as Moonwatch) was an amateur science program formally initiated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) in 1956. The SAO organized Moonwatch as part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) which was probably the largest single scientific undertaking in history. Its initial goal was to enlist the aid of amateur astronomers and other citizens who would help professional scientists spot the first artificial satellites. Until professionally staffed optical tracking stations came on-line in 1958, this network of amateur scientists and other interested citizens played a critical role in providing crucial information regarding the world's first satellites. (en) Moonwatch war eine Organisation zur Beobachtung von künstlichen Erdsatelliten, die von Fred Whipple von der Smithsonian Institution 1956 gegründet wurde und bis etwa 1980 bestand. Das Programm richtete sich an Amateurastronomen und Raumfahrt-Interessierte in aller Welt und unterstützte die Teilnehmer mit Daten und teilweise auch mit Messinstrumenten, um von schwierig zu beobachtenden Satelliten genaue Bahnelemente bestimmen zu können. Ähnliche Programme existierten auch in der Sowjetunion. (de) A Operação Moonwatch foi um programa de ciência cidadã iniciado pelo Observatório Astrofísico Smithsoniano, dos Estados Unidos, em 1956. O Observatório organizou o Moonwatch como parte do Ano Geofísico Internacional, que foi provavelmente o maior empreendimento científico único da história. Até as estações profissionais de rastreamento ótico entrarem em operação, em 1958, essa rede de cientistas amadores e cidadãos interessados desempenhou um papel crítico no fornecimento de informações sobre os primeiros satélites. (pt)
foaf:depiction
dct:subject	Citizen science Observational astronomy Scientific observation
Wikipage page ID	8320597 (xsd:integer)
Wikipage revision ID	1116830492 (xsd:integer)
Link from a Wikipage to another Wikipage	Caltech MIT Computation Center Hubble Space Telescope International Geophysical Year James Westphal Civil Air Patrol Cold War Ephemerides Project Space Track (1957-1961) Los Angeles Times Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Citizen science United States Space Surveillance Network Minitrack Observational astronomy Dwight D. Eisenhower Amateur radio Joseph Nunn Harvard Scientific observation Satellite watching Laika Avocation Space Race Sputnik Sputnik 1 Sputnik 2 Citizen science Ground Observer Corps Milwaukee, Wisconsin New York Times W. Patrick McCray Radio Shack Dr. James G. Baker Fred L. Whipple Baker-Nunn camera Sputnik 4
Link from a Wikipage to an external page	https://web.archive.org/web/20131211192915/http:/xtra.xavier.edu/xavier-magazine/eyes-on-the-sky/ http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/32102.html http://ifa.hawaii.edu/users/steiger/igy_period.htm https://archive.today/20120915091700/http:/www.thecrimson.com/article/1957/11/9/smithsonian-astronomers-keep-hectic-pace-pwere/ http://www.universetoday.com/100744/citizen-science-old-school-style-the-true-tale-of-operation-moonwatch/ https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4202/chapter6.html https://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/chapter9.html
sameAs	Operation Moonwatch Operation Moonwatch Operation Moonwatch Operation Moonwatch Operation Moonwatch Operation Moonwatch
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thumbnail	wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Smithsonian_Institution_Archives_-_96-960.jpg?width=300
has abstract	Moonwatch war eine Organisation zur Beobachtung von künstlichen Erdsatelliten, die von Fred Whipple von der Smithsonian Institution 1956 gegründet wurde und bis etwa 1980 bestand. Das Programm richtete sich an Amateurastronomen und Raumfahrt-Interessierte in aller Welt und unterstützte die Teilnehmer mit Daten und teilweise auch mit Messinstrumenten, um von schwierig zu beobachtenden Satelliten genaue Bahnelemente bestimmen zu können. Ähnliche Programme existierten auch in der Sowjetunion. Anfangs beobachtete man die Erdsatelliten in kleinen Gruppen, von denen jeder Beobachter mit einem lichtstarken Apogee-Teleskop einen überlappenden Himmelsausschnitt überwachte (siehe Bild). Denn die Bahndaten waren noch ungenau und die außerdem relativ "unpünktlich". Später, als auch gute Programme für Vorausberechnungen verfügbar waren, ging die Tätigkeit auf Einzelbeobachter über. Viele der Teleskope erhielten dann rasch schwenkbare azimutale Montierungen aus Militärbeständen. In den frühen 1970er-Jahren arbeiteten bei Moonwatch weltweit einige hundert Gruppen mit, darunter etwa 15 in Deutschland und 3 in Österreich, darunter die Wilhelm-Foerster-Sternwarte im US-amerikanischen Sektor von West-Berlin mit ihrem Bamberg-Refraktor. Die Messungen waren die Basis vieler wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen, insbesondere von Satelliten mit niedrigem Perigäum, so genannte „Low Perigee Objects“. Solche Körper lassen sich von Satellitenkameras kaum fotografieren, da sie nur in der Dämmerung sichtbar sind. Die Genauigkeit der Messungen wurde anhand einiger Satelliten mit stabilen Bahnen geprüft und lag – je nach Ausrüstung und Erfahrung der Beobachter – bei 10" bis zu etwa 5'. Ein Teil beobachtete mit Feldstechern vor dem Sternhintergrund, ein anderer mit Theodolit-ähnlichen Instrumenten oder lichtstarken Apogee-Teleskopen. Zum Programm gehörte zeitweilig auch die Beobachtung von Wiedereintritten der Satelliten in die Erdatmosphäre. (de) Operation Moonwatch (also known as Project Moonwatch and, more simply, as Moonwatch) was an amateur science program formally initiated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) in 1956. The SAO organized Moonwatch as part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) which was probably the largest single scientific undertaking in history. Its initial goal was to enlist the aid of amateur astronomers and other citizens who would help professional scientists spot the first artificial satellites. Until professionally staffed optical tracking stations came on-line in 1958, this network of amateur scientists and other interested citizens played a critical role in providing crucial information regarding the world's first satellites. (en) A Operação Moonwatch foi um programa de ciência cidadã iniciado pelo Observatório Astrofísico Smithsoniano, dos Estados Unidos, em 1956. O Observatório organizou o Moonwatch como parte do Ano Geofísico Internacional, que foi provavelmente o maior empreendimento científico único da história. Em inglês, moonwatch significa "observação da Lua", e o objetivo inicial da operação era preparar astrônomos amadores e outros cidadãos para ajudarem cientistas profissionais a identificar os satélites artificiais do Projeto Vanguard. Contudo, o lançamento do Sputnik-1 pela União Soviética reorientou tanto a Operação Moonwatch quanto o Projeto Vanguard. Até as estações profissionais de rastreamento ótico entrarem em operação, em 1958, essa rede de cientistas amadores e cidadãos interessados desempenhou um papel crítico no fornecimento de informações sobre os primeiros satélites. (pt)
gold:hypernym	Program
prov:wasDerivedFrom	wikipedia-en:Operation_Moonwatch?oldid=1116830492&ns=0
page length (characters) of wiki page	16816 (xsd:nonNegativeInteger)
foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf	wikipedia-en:Operation_Moonwatch
is Link from a Wikipage to another Wikipage of	MIT Computation Center Bob Citron Vanguard 1 Vanguard 2 Vanguard 3 International Geophysical Year The Amateur Scientist Fred Lawrence Whipple Meanings of minor planet names: 5001–6000 1957

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