Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (Turkish pronunciation: [mustafa kemal atatyɾk]) (1881 – 10 November 1938) founded the Republic of Turkey, and served as its president from 1923 until his death on 10 November 1938. His personal life has been the subject of numerous studies. According to Turkish historian Kemal H. Karpat, Atatürk's recent bibliography included 7,010 different sources. Atatürk's personal life has its controversies, ranging from where he was born to his correct full name. The details of his marriage have always been a subject of debate. His religious beliefs were discussed in Turkish political life as recently as the Republic Protests during the 2007 presidential election.