Rafīq Bey ibn Mahmūd al-ʿAzm (Arabic: رفيق بك بن محمود العظم, 1865-1925) was a Syrian intellectual, author, and politician. 'Azm served as the president of the Ottoman Party for Administrative Decentralization and was a key figure in the intellectual formation of Arabism. Rafiq was born in 1865 in Damascus, Ottoman Empire to the 'Azm family, one of the city's mostly politically and socially influential families. He received an education in French and Arabic in Damascus and Istanbul. Rafiq al Azm died on 4 July 1925.
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| - رفيق العظم (ar)
- Rafīq Bey al-ʿAzm (de)
- Rafīq Bey al-ʿAzm (en)
- 拉菲克·贝·艾姆兹 (zh)
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| - رفيق بن محمود بن خليل العظم (1284 - 1343 هـ / 1867 - 1925 م) هو عالم وكاتب من أهل دمشق. ولد في دمشق، ونشأ نشأة أبناء الأعيان الذين يهيئون أنفسهم للدخول في خدمة الحكومة، واتصل بعالمين عظيمين: طاهر الجزائري وسليم البخاري فأخذ عنهما ماستنار به عقله وخرجه للنزول في مضمار الجهاد لبث الأفكار الصحيحة وإنكار الظلم، وتوفي في القاهرة. من أشهر آثاره: «أشهر مشاهير الإسلام في الحروب والسياسة». (ar)
- Rafīq Bey ibn Mahmūd al-ʿAzm (arabisch رفيق بك بن محمود العظم, DMG Rafīq Bak ibn Maḥmūd al-ʿAẓm geb. 1865 in Damaskus, gest. 30. Juni 1925 in Kairo) war ein syrischer Geschichtsdenker und Politiker, der nach seiner Übersiedlung nach Ägypten (1884) mehrere Werke zur Frühgeschichte des Islams verfasste und an verschiedenen Gesellschaften und Parteien mitwirkte, die auf eine administrative Reform des Osmanischen Reichs hinarbeiteten. Er wird der Nahda-Bewegung zugerechnet. (de)
- 拉菲克·贝·伊本·马哈茂德·阿兹姆（英語：Rafīq Bey ibn Mahmūd al-ʿAzm，阿拉伯语：رفيق بن محمود بن خليل العظم，1865年？月？日－1925年7月4日），是叙利亚知识分子、作家，曾担任主席，他主张在奥斯曼帝国统治下，每个省有土耳其、阿拉伯两种语言，学校开设各自的母语教学课程。 (zh)
- Rafīq Bey ibn Mahmūd al-ʿAzm (Arabic: رفيق بك بن محمود العظم, 1865-1925) was a Syrian intellectual, author, and politician. 'Azm served as the president of the Ottoman Party for Administrative Decentralization and was a key figure in the intellectual formation of Arabism. Rafiq was born in 1865 in Damascus, Ottoman Empire to the 'Azm family, one of the city's mostly politically and socially influential families. He received an education in French and Arabic in Damascus and Istanbul. Rafiq al Azm died on 4 July 1925. (en)
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| - Rafīq Bey ibn Mahmūd al-ʿAzm (en)
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| - Rafīq Bey ibn Mahmūd al-ʿAzm (en)
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| - رفيق بك بن محمود العظم (en)
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| - Ottoman Party for Administrative Decentralization (en)
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| - رفيق بن محمود بن خليل العظم (1284 - 1343 هـ / 1867 - 1925 م) هو عالم وكاتب من أهل دمشق. ولد في دمشق، ونشأ نشأة أبناء الأعيان الذين يهيئون أنفسهم للدخول في خدمة الحكومة، واتصل بعالمين عظيمين: طاهر الجزائري وسليم البخاري فأخذ عنهما ماستنار به عقله وخرجه للنزول في مضمار الجهاد لبث الأفكار الصحيحة وإنكار الظلم، وتوفي في القاهرة. من أشهر آثاره: «أشهر مشاهير الإسلام في الحروب والسياسة». (ar)
- Rafīq Bey ibn Mahmūd al-ʿAzm (arabisch رفيق بك بن محمود العظم, DMG Rafīq Bak ibn Maḥmūd al-ʿAẓm geb. 1865 in Damaskus, gest. 30. Juni 1925 in Kairo) war ein syrischer Geschichtsdenker und Politiker, der nach seiner Übersiedlung nach Ägypten (1884) mehrere Werke zur Frühgeschichte des Islams verfasste und an verschiedenen Gesellschaften und Parteien mitwirkte, die auf eine administrative Reform des Osmanischen Reichs hinarbeiteten. Er wird der Nahda-Bewegung zugerechnet. (de)
- Rafīq Bey ibn Mahmūd al-ʿAzm (Arabic: رفيق بك بن محمود العظم, 1865-1925) was a Syrian intellectual, author, and politician. 'Azm served as the president of the Ottoman Party for Administrative Decentralization and was a key figure in the intellectual formation of Arabism. Rafiq was born in 1865 in Damascus, Ottoman Empire to the 'Azm family, one of the city's mostly politically and socially influential families. He received an education in French and Arabic in Damascus and Istanbul. As a young man, 'Azm became involved in a group of reformist ulama who believed in restoration of the empire's 1876 constitution. During the reign of Abdul Hamid II 'Azm joined the Young Turks. He later joined the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), an underground organization that advocated for liberal reforms. In 1894 Ottoman authorities began cracking down on constitutionalists and their organizations, including the CUP; in the same year 'Azm fled to Cairo, Egypt. In Egypt, 'Azm met Rashid Rida; together, the two founded the Ottoman Consultation Society (Jam'iyyat al-Shura al-'Uthmaniyya), a diverse, Ottoman focused society that pushed back against Turkish nationalism. 'Azm served as editor of the Arabic-language portion of the OCS's publications and its treasurer. Following the 1908 Young Turk Revolution the society was disbanded; 'Azm visited Istanbul and joined the Ottoman Party for Administrative Decentralization. As part of the Ottoman Party for Administrative Decentralization, Rafiq al-ʿAzm along with his cousin Haqqi al-Azm opposed proposals to exclude non-Arabs and non-Muslims from the party, pushing for the affirmative inclusion of Jews, Druzes, and Christians in order to best reflect the makeup of Syria. Rafiq, as president, closely associated the party with another opposition party, the Party of Liberty and Union headed by Sadiq Bey, which shared the goal of granting the Arab states increased autonomy. In April 1913, 'Azm on behalf of his party, accepted an invitation to the Arab Congress of 1913, to which he sent two delegates. Rafiq al Azm died on 4 July 1925. (en)
- 拉菲克·贝·伊本·马哈茂德·阿兹姆（英語：Rafīq Bey ibn Mahmūd al-ʿAzm，阿拉伯语：رفيق بن محمود بن خليل العظم，1865年？月？日－1925年7月4日），是叙利亚知识分子、作家，曾担任主席，他主张在奥斯曼帝国统治下，每个省有土耳其、阿拉伯两种语言，学校开设各自的母语教学课程。 (zh)
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