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The Remonstrance Bureau was an important government agency during the Song and Jurchen Jin dynasties. It also existed briefly during the Ming dynasty between 1380 and 1382. Its main function was to scrutinize documents between the emperor and the central government (Zhongshu Sheng and Menxia Sheng), and criticize proposals and policy decisions based on moral and propriety reasons.

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  • Remonstrance Bureau (en)
  • 諫院 (zh)
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  • The Remonstrance Bureau was an important government agency during the Song and Jurchen Jin dynasties. It also existed briefly during the Ming dynasty between 1380 and 1382. Its main function was to scrutinize documents between the emperor and the central government (Zhongshu Sheng and Menxia Sheng), and criticize proposals and policy decisions based on moral and propriety reasons. (en)
  • 谏院，中国古代官职，谏官的官署。职掌规谏朝政缺失的中央机关。谏是直言规劝，使其改正错误的意思。宋代设立谏院，负责在朝廷中搜集建议和评论。当时在朝廷中设立谏官和御史，通称台谏。 谏官源于秦朝、汉朝时设置的谏议大夫。魏晋沿置。唐代已有谏院之名。五代置谏院。谏议大夫、司谏、正言，都需要再降敕许赴谏院供职，才是谏官。由他官领谏官，需要知谏院，以两省官充掌供奉、谏诤。 宋朝初年不置，天禧元年（1017年）由门下省析置，以左右谏议大夫为长，下设左右司谏、左右正言，分属门下省和中书省，以中书、门下两省官一员判院事，掌规谏朝政缺失，对大臣和百官的任用及政府各部门的措施提出意见。明道元年（1032年）陈执中为谏官，请置知院官六人，以司谏、正言充任，由他官领者带知谏院。其后，谏议大夫非特首不供谏职。司谏、正言亦有领他职而不预谏诤者。知院官以司谏、正言充任，如他官兼领则称知谏院，司谏、正言亦有领他职而不预谏诤者。庆历四年(1044)，规定不用现任宰相、执政推荐者为谏官。元丰改制，始专谏职。以左、右谏议大夫为谏院长官，左隶门下省，右隶中书省，司谏、正言亦专掌规谏讽谕。凡朝政阙失，大则廷议，小则上封。大臣至百官任用不当，三省至各官署事有违失，皆可谏正。初兼弹奏之责，后令只许言事，不兼弹劾。宋哲宗即位后，复弹劾之权。元祐八年（1093年），规定不用执政官亲戚为谏官。靖康元年（1126年）定制，宰执不得荐举台谏官，都要由皇帝亲自任命。建炎三年（1129年），诏令谏官不再分隶门下、中书两省而另立官署，准许谏官与两省官相见议事，并命谏议大夫主管登闻检院，司谏、正言主管登闻鼓院。 (zh)
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  • Jiàn Yuàn (en)
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  • The Remonstrance Bureau was an important government agency during the Song and Jurchen Jin dynasties. It also existed briefly during the Ming dynasty between 1380 and 1382. Its main function was to scrutinize documents between the emperor and the central government (Zhongshu Sheng and Menxia Sheng), and criticize proposals and policy decisions based on moral and propriety reasons. The office was first created during the Song dynasty in 1017 or 1020, but it only became important after 1032 during Emperor Renzong of Song's reign when it was significantly staffed. Thereafter, the Remonstrance Bureau performed independently of the central government. (en)
  • 谏院，中国古代官职，谏官的官署。职掌规谏朝政缺失的中央机关。谏是直言规劝，使其改正错误的意思。宋代设立谏院，负责在朝廷中搜集建议和评论。当时在朝廷中设立谏官和御史，通称台谏。 谏官源于秦朝、汉朝时设置的谏议大夫。魏晋沿置。唐代已有谏院之名。五代置谏院。谏议大夫、司谏、正言，都需要再降敕许赴谏院供职，才是谏官。由他官领谏官，需要知谏院，以两省官充掌供奉、谏诤。 宋朝初年不置，天禧元年（1017年）由门下省析置，以左右谏议大夫为长，下设左右司谏、左右正言，分属门下省和中书省，以中书、门下两省官一员判院事，掌规谏朝政缺失，对大臣和百官的任用及政府各部门的措施提出意见。明道元年（1032年）陈执中为谏官，请置知院官六人，以司谏、正言充任，由他官领者带知谏院。其后，谏议大夫非特首不供谏职。司谏、正言亦有领他职而不预谏诤者。知院官以司谏、正言充任，如他官兼领则称知谏院，司谏、正言亦有领他职而不预谏诤者。庆历四年(1044)，规定不用现任宰相、执政推荐者为谏官。元丰改制，始专谏职。以左、右谏议大夫为谏院长官，左隶门下省，右隶中书省，司谏、正言亦专掌规谏讽谕。凡朝政阙失，大则廷议，小则上封。大臣至百官任用不当，三省至各官署事有违失，皆可谏正。初兼弹奏之责，后令只许言事，不兼弹劾。宋哲宗即位后，复弹劾之权。元祐八年（1093年），规定不用执政官亲戚为谏官。靖康元年（1126年）定制，宰执不得荐举台谏官，都要由皇帝亲自任命。建炎三年（1129年），诏令谏官不再分隶门下、中书两省而另立官署，准许谏官与两省官相见议事，并命谏议大夫主管登闻检院，司谏、正言主管登闻鼓院。 辽代南面官设右谏院隶中书省，左谏院隶门下省。左谏院设左谏议大夫、左补阙、左拾遗；右谏院设右谏议大夫、右补阙、右拾遗。 金代也设谏院，列于监寺，不属三省。左右谏议大夫，正四品；左右司谏，从五品；左右补阙正七品，左右拾遗正七品。 明朝洪武十三年（1380年）设置谏院，置左、右司谏，左、右正言，都以耆儒充任。洪武十五年（1382年）又置谏议大夫，主管侍从、诤谏，不久废除，其职归于六科。 (zh)
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