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Second-order cybernetics, also known as the cybernetics of cybernetics, is the recursive application of cybernetics to itself and the reflexive practice of cybernetics according to such a critique. It is cybernetics where "the role of the observer is appreciated and acknowledged rather than disguised, as had become traditional in western science". Second-order cybernetics was developed between the late 1960s and mid 1970s by Heinz von Foerster and others, with key inspiration coming from Margaret Mead. Foerster referred to it as "the control of control and the communication of communication" and differentiated first order cybernetics as "the cybernetics of observed systems" and second-order cybernetics as "the cybernetics of observing systems". It is closely allied to radical constructivis

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  • Kybernetika druhého řádu (cs)
  • Kybernetik zweiter Ordnung (de)
  • Cibernética de segundo orden (es)
  • Second-order cybernetics (en)
  • Кибернетика второго порядка (ru)
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  • Kybernetika druhého řádu je termín označující kybernetiku pro kybernetiku. Termín poprvé použil , který je kybernetikem 2. řádu.Kybernetika druhého řádu zkoumá stavbu kybernetických systémů s uvědoměním si, že je součástí systému. Nikdy tedy nevidí, to jak systém pracuje zvenku, protože není schopna se odprosit. Když badatelé pozorují systém, ovlivňují ho, a zároveň jsou jím ovlivňováni. Mezi kybernetiky 2 řádu patří * Humberto Maturana * * (cs)
  • La cibernética de segundo orden es el estudio no solo del sistema o concepto cibernético, sino también del cibernetista, es decir, el observador como parte del sistema mismo. (es)
  • Kybernetik zweiter Ordnung bezeichnet eine progressive intellektuelle Bewegung in der Kybernetik, die auf Heinz von Foerster zurückgeht. Er leitet aus der Erzeugung subjektiver Realitäten im Nervensystem eine Theorie ab, die in ihrer extremen Form als Beobachtung der Beobachtung (Beobachtung zweiter Ordnung) den Begriff einer objektiven Realität eliminiert und stattdessen den „Eigenwert“ des kognitiven Systems als Ergebnis von Rekursionsprozessen beschreibt. (de)
  • Second-order cybernetics, also known as the cybernetics of cybernetics, is the recursive application of cybernetics to itself and the reflexive practice of cybernetics according to such a critique. It is cybernetics where "the role of the observer is appreciated and acknowledged rather than disguised, as had become traditional in western science". Second-order cybernetics was developed between the late 1960s and mid 1970s by Heinz von Foerster and others, with key inspiration coming from Margaret Mead. Foerster referred to it as "the control of control and the communication of communication" and differentiated first order cybernetics as "the cybernetics of observed systems" and second-order cybernetics as "the cybernetics of observing systems". It is closely allied to radical constructivis (en)
  • Кибернетика второго порядка, также известная как кибернетика кибернетики, является рекурсивным приложением кибернетики к самой себе. Она была разработана в период с 1968 по 1975 годы Маргарет Мид, Хeйнцем фон Фёрстером и другими. Сторонники «кибернетики второго порядка» утверждают, что знание является биологическим феноменом (Maturana, 1970), что каждый индивидуум конструирует свою «реальность» (Хейнц фон Фёрстер, 1973), и что знание «согласовано» с миром чувственного опыта, но не «тождественно» ему (von Glasersfeld, 1987). (ru)
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