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Strobilos (Greek: Στρόβιλος), modern Aspat or Çıfıt Kalesi, is a Byzantine-era fortress on the south-western Anatolian coast, across from the island of Kos and near modern Bodrum in Turkey. It is first mentioned in 724, making it one of the few known Anatolian localities to be established during the early Middle Ages which hence, according to researcher Clive Foss, "should reveal the appearance of a distinctively Byzantine site". It is best known as a place of exile, as well as an important fortress and naval base of the Cibyrrhaeot Theme As such it was twice attacked by the Arabs, in 924 and 1035. The existence of a monastery on the site is also attested in the 11th century. The fortress was sacked by the Seljuk Turks around 1080, but it was recovered and refortified under the Komnenian e

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  • Στρόβιλος (φρούριο) (el)
  • Strobilos (en)
  • Estróbilo (fortaleza) (pt)
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  • Η Στρόβιλος, σημερινό Ασπάτ ή Τσιφίτ Καλεσί, είναι φρούριο της βυζαντινής περιόδου επί των νοτιοδυτικών ακτών της Ανατολίας, απέναντι από το νησί της Κω και πλησίον του σημερινού Μπόντρουμ της Τουρκίας. (el)
  • Strobilos (Greek: Στρόβιλος), modern Aspat or Çıfıt Kalesi, is a Byzantine-era fortress on the south-western Anatolian coast, across from the island of Kos and near modern Bodrum in Turkey. It is first mentioned in 724, making it one of the few known Anatolian localities to be established during the early Middle Ages which hence, according to researcher Clive Foss, "should reveal the appearance of a distinctively Byzantine site". It is best known as a place of exile, as well as an important fortress and naval base of the Cibyrrhaeot Theme As such it was twice attacked by the Arabs, in 924 and 1035. The existence of a monastery on the site is also attested in the 11th century. The fortress was sacked by the Seljuk Turks around 1080, but it was recovered and refortified under the Komnenian e (en)
  • Estróbilo (em grego: Στρόβιλος; romaniz.: Stróbilos), moderna Aspat ou Çıfıt Kalesı, foi uma fortaleza do período bizantino no sudoeste da costa anatólia, em frente à ilha de Cós e próxima da moderna Bodrum, na Turquia. É mencionada pela primeira vez em 724, tornando-se uma das poucas localidades anatólias conhecidas a ser estabelecida durante o começou da Idade Média e, portanto, de acordo com o pesquisador Clive Foss, "poderia revelar a aparência de um sítio distintivamente bizantino". (pt)
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  • Η Στρόβιλος, σημερινό Ασπάτ ή Τσιφίτ Καλεσί, είναι φρούριο της βυζαντινής περιόδου επί των νοτιοδυτικών ακτών της Ανατολίας, απέναντι από το νησί της Κω και πλησίον του σημερινού Μπόντρουμ της Τουρκίας. Πρώτη αναφορά της γίνεται το 724, καθιστώντας την ως έναν από τους λιγοστούς γνωστούς μικρασιατικούς οικισμούς οι οποίοι ιδρύθηκαν κατά την διάρκεια του Πρώιμου Μεσαίωνα, με αποτέλεσμα, σύμφωνα με τον ερευνητή Κλάιβ Φος, «να πρέπει να αποκαλύπτει την εμφάνιση ενός καθαρά βυζαντινού οικισμού». Ήταν περισσότερο γνωστή ως τόπος εξορίας, καθώς και ως σημαντικό φρούριο και ναυτική βάση του Θέματος Κιβυρραιωτών. Ως τέτοια δέχθηκε επίθεση δύο φορές από τους Άραβες, το 924 και το 1035. Επίσης αναφέρεται ύπαρξη μοναστηριού στη συγκεκριμένη τοποθεσία κατά την διάρκεια του 11ου αιώνα. Το φρούριο αλώθηκε από τους Σελτζούκους Τούρκους προς το 1080, ωστόσο ανακατελήφθη και οι οχυρώσεις του ενισχύθηκαν υπό τους Κομνηνούς. Παρέμεινε υπό βυζαντινό έλεγχο έως το 1269, όταν και κατελήφθη από το τουρκικό εμιράτο του . (el)
  • Strobilos (Greek: Στρόβιλος), modern Aspat or Çıfıt Kalesi, is a Byzantine-era fortress on the south-western Anatolian coast, across from the island of Kos and near modern Bodrum in Turkey. It is first mentioned in 724, making it one of the few known Anatolian localities to be established during the early Middle Ages which hence, according to researcher Clive Foss, "should reveal the appearance of a distinctively Byzantine site". It is best known as a place of exile, as well as an important fortress and naval base of the Cibyrrhaeot Theme As such it was twice attacked by the Arabs, in 924 and 1035. The existence of a monastery on the site is also attested in the 11th century. The fortress was sacked by the Seljuk Turks around 1080, but it was recovered and refortified under the Komnenian emperors. It remained in Byzantine hands until 1269, when it was captured by the Turkish emirate of Menteshe. (en)
  • Estróbilo (em grego: Στρόβιλος; romaniz.: Stróbilos), moderna Aspat ou Çıfıt Kalesı, foi uma fortaleza do período bizantino no sudoeste da costa anatólia, em frente à ilha de Cós e próxima da moderna Bodrum, na Turquia. É mencionada pela primeira vez em 724, tornando-se uma das poucas localidades anatólias conhecidas a ser estabelecida durante o começou da Idade Média e, portanto, de acordo com o pesquisador Clive Foss, "poderia revelar a aparência de um sítio distintivamente bizantino". É melhor conhecido como um lugar de exílio, bem como uma importante fortaleza e base naval do tema Cibirreota, que foi duas vezes atacada pelos árabes, em 924 e 1035. A existência de um mosteiro no sítio é também atestado no século XI. A fortaleza foi saqueada pelos turcos seljúcidas ca. 1080, mas foi recuperada e refortificada sob os imperadores Comnenos. Permaneceu em mãos bizantinos até 1269, quando foi capturada pelo Beilhique de Mentexe. (pt)
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