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Synderesis (/ˌsɪndəˈriːsəs/) or synteresis, in scholastic moral philosophy, is the natural capacity or disposition (habitus) of the practical reason to apprehend intuitively the universal first principles of human action. An alternative interpretation of synderesis was proposed by Bonaventure, who considered it as the natural inclination of the will towards moral good. The term is found applied in psychiatric studies too, with particular reference to psychopathy.

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  • عقل فطري (ar)
  • Sinderezo (eo)
  • Sinderesi (eu)
  • Syndérèse (fr)
  • Sinderesi (it)
  • Synderesis (en)
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  • عقل فطري (بالإنجليزية: Synderesis) هو قدرة الحدس على إدراك المبادئ الأولى. (ar)
  • Eskolastikan, sinderesia pertsona orok ongi jokatzeko duen jaiotzatiko joera da. Jeronimo Estridongoaren idazki batean agertzen da lehen aldiz, Ezekielen begitazioei buruzko azalpenetan. (eu)
  • La syndérèse est, en théologie, la partie la plus élevée de l'âme. D'autres expressions sont aussi utilisées pour la désigner, comme « étincelle de l'âme », « cime de l'âme », « pointe de l'âme » ou encore « étincelle de la conscience ». L'existence du concept de syndérèse se développe à partir de Jérôme de Stridon, qui analyse les conséquences des regrets de Caïn. L'existence des regrets conduit les théologiens à voir une faculté de reconnaître le bien du mal, une faculté irréductible au mal et qui serait une faculté de l'âme. (fr)
  • Sinderezo, ankaŭ en la varianto sinterezo, devenas el la greka lingvo συν (=kun) kaj συτήρησιν (= vido) el “τηρέω”, verbo signfanta “vidi, observi, fiksi la rigardon”: do, ankaŭ en la direkton de si mem, de sia eno. Sinderezo indikas prudenton aŭ moralan senton de la konscienco kiu distingas la bonon el la malbono. Sinderezo kunlimas sed ne identas kun la natura morala leĝo aŭ morala konscienco: tiuj ĉi estas amplekso de normoj jam posedita de la intelekto, tiu estas la kutima inklino trovi kaj apliki tiujn preceptojn. (eo)
  • Synderesis (/ˌsɪndəˈriːsəs/) or synteresis, in scholastic moral philosophy, is the natural capacity or disposition (habitus) of the practical reason to apprehend intuitively the universal first principles of human action. An alternative interpretation of synderesis was proposed by Bonaventure, who considered it as the natural inclination of the will towards moral good. The term is found applied in psychiatric studies too, with particular reference to psychopathy. (en)
  • Il termine sinderesi, anche nella variante sinteresi, deriva dal greco συντήρησις (süntèrēsis, secondo la pronuncia bizantina per cui tau dopo ni si legge come delta) da συντηρέω (süntēréo termine composto da syn e tereo), verbo che significa "vedere", "osservare", "fissare lo sguardo", quindi anche "esame di sé". Indica il discernimento morale quale sentimento della coscienza che distingue il bene dal male. Il termine non è più usato nella filosofia contemporanea.Lo si ritrova comunque impiegato, talora, in campo psichiatrico ed in particolare negli studi sulla psicopatia. (it)
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  • عقل فطري (بالإنجليزية: Synderesis) هو قدرة الحدس على إدراك المبادئ الأولى. (ar)
  • Sinderezo, ankaŭ en la varianto sinterezo, devenas el la greka lingvo συν (=kun) kaj συτήρησιν (= vido) el “τηρέω”, verbo signfanta “vidi, observi, fiksi la rigardon”: do, ankaŭ en la direkton de si mem, de sia eno. Sinderezo indikas prudenton aŭ moralan senton de la konscienco kiu distingas la bonon el la malbono. Sinderezo kunlimas sed ne identas kun la natura morala leĝo aŭ morala konscienco: tiuj ĉi estas amplekso de normoj jam posedita de la intelekto, tiu estas la kutima inklino trovi kaj apliki tiujn preceptojn. Temas do ne pri specifa fakulto sed pri vesto (latine: habitus) de la animo, kvazaŭ psika vesto kreita de la ripetado de la samaj agoj. Laŭ Sankta Hieronimo en la verko Komento pri Jeĥezkel (I,c. I), sinderezo estus tiu parto de la animo alimaniere difinita konscienco: Nome, ĝi ebligas ke la homo havu memkonscion, kapablu sin ekzameni. En ĝi li vidas “spontanan emon distingi la bonon el la malbono, memdirektiĝon al tio kio ĝin konservas, favorante per tiu ekzercado ankaŭ sian konservadon. Laŭ Tomaso de Akvino, la sinderezo esprimas la emon de la homa animo al la bono kaj reĵeto de la malbono. El la sinderezo, do, dependas la kapablon de la homo deziri kaj senti konsciencriproĉon pro la malbono plenumita. La tuta skolastikismo kutime sekvas tiun difinon de Sankta Tomaso kiu igas la sinderezon scintilla coscientiae, (= fajrero de la konscienco); sed proksimume sur la sama difino spekulativas ankaŭ la skolastukuloj de la Platoniĝanta skolo kiel Sankta Bonaventura, laŭ kiu sinderezo krom intelekta preteco en la aplikado estas ankaŭ vola aplikado. Tiu emon al la deziro pri la morala bono, konstante ĉeesta en la homa konscio, la skolastikaj teologoj, kaj foje ankaŭ hodiaŭ, atribuas al la fakto ke la origina peko (kiu ajn ĝi estu) kune kun la aktualaj pekoj) ne tenebrigas la tutan homan animon: ia emo al la bono daŭrigas altiri la konsciencon. Moderna aŭtoro (unu por multaj) difinas la aktivan emon al la bono de la konscienco per la termino “sinderezo”. Temas pri Jacques Bénigne Bossuet (Jacques Bénigne Bossuet (Traktado pri la scio pri Dio kaj pri si mem ĉap.1 par.7). La termino ‘sinderezo’ ne estas uzata en la modernaj filozofioj aŭ pro tio ke oni ne interesiĝas pri la strukturo de la homa konscienco aŭ por ke tiu nocio kunfandiĝas en tiujn pli ĝeneralajn de morala konscienco aŭ natura morala leĝo, aŭ pro tio ke estas neata ĝia ekzisto mem. (eo)
  • Eskolastikan, sinderesia pertsona orok ongi jokatzeko duen jaiotzatiko joera da. Jeronimo Estridongoaren idazki batean agertzen da lehen aldiz, Ezekielen begitazioei buruzko azalpenetan. (eu)
  • Synderesis (/ˌsɪndəˈriːsəs/) or synteresis, in scholastic moral philosophy, is the natural capacity or disposition (habitus) of the practical reason to apprehend intuitively the universal first principles of human action. Reason is a single faculty, but is called differently according to the end that it assigns to its search for truth; when its goal is the mere consideration (contemplation) of truth, it is called speculative reason; when it considers truth in view of action (praxis), it is called practical reason. In both cases reason uses demonstration (syllogism) as its tool; it proceeds from the understanding of previously known truths (premises) to the statement of a proposition (conclusion) whose truth follows necessarily from the premises. How does one know that those premises (and consequently their conclusion) are true? Because they are themselves conclusions of previous demonstrations. Although one could take back this process of demonstration of the truth of premises as far as we want, a regression ad infinitum would deprive the demonstrative chain of certitude. Consequently, it is necessary that the point of departure of human reasoning be some immediately knowable, i.e. self-evident, propositions called first principles, whose truth is not, indeed cannot be, grasped through demonstration, but only by intuition (noûs). The habit or disposition that allows the speculative reason to apprehend intuitively the principles that preside over its discursive reasoning is called "understanding of principles" (intellectus principiorum). The principles of "non contradiction", of "identity" and of "excluded middle", all of which are ultimately based on the notion of "being", which is the first that our reason apprehends absolutely, are all examples of those principles. Similarly, the capacity or disposition that allows the practical reason to apprehend intuitively the principles or laws that preside over its discursive reasoning regarding human action is called synderesis. Just as "being" is the first notion apprehended absolutely, so also "good" is the first thing that is apprehended by the practical reason, since everything that acts does so for an end which possesses the quality of goodness. That is why the first principle or law of the practical reason is "good is to be done and pursued, and evil is to be avoided". Also the precepts of natural law can be considered object of synderesis insofar as all the things towards which the human being has a natural inclination are naturally apprehended by the intellect as good and therefore as objects to be pursued, and their opposites as evils to be avoided. Synderesis is the capacity not only to apprehend the first principles, but also to judge every step of the practical discourse in the light of those principles. But, as an intellectual disposition concerned with knowledge of the first principles of action, synderesis provides only the of the practical syllogism. Every human action, however, is singular, contingent and takes place in particular circumstances. To complete the practical discourse and reach a conclusion regarding what has to be done hic et nunc [here and now] and what means are to be used, other capacities are necessary besides synderesis, and to actually effect the action other faculties are required besides reason. That is why the whole picture concerning human action includes powers, dispositions and acts such as conscience, desire, will, etc. The origin of the notion of synderesis as presented here can be traced, on the one hand, to the Commentary on Ezechiel by Saint Jerome (A.D. 347–419), where syntéresin (συντήρησιν) is mentioned among the powers of the soul and is described as the spark of conscience (scintilla conscientiae), and, on the other, to the interpretation of Jerome's text given, in the 13th century, by Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas in the light of Aristotelian psychology and ethics. The word synderesis is by most scholars reckoned to be a corruption of the Greek word for shared knowledge or conscience, syneidêsis (συνείδησις), the corruption appearing in the medieval manuscripts of Jerome's Commentary. An alternative interpretation of synderesis was proposed by Bonaventure, who considered it as the natural inclination of the will towards moral good. The term is found applied in psychiatric studies too, with particular reference to psychopathy. (en)
  • Il termine sinderesi, anche nella variante sinteresi, deriva dal greco συντήρησις (süntèrēsis, secondo la pronuncia bizantina per cui tau dopo ni si legge come delta) da συντηρέω (süntēréo termine composto da syn e tereo), verbo che significa "vedere", "osservare", "fissare lo sguardo", quindi anche "esame di sé". Indica il discernimento morale quale sentimento della coscienza che distingue il bene dal male. Un'etimologia alternativa è quella che vuole il termine sinderesi come corruzione dal greco antico syneidêsis (συνείδησις), dove συν sta per insieme, condiviso e είδησις appare un derivato di εἶδος e cioè "forma", "immagine" o "icona": "sinderesi", in questo senso, significherebbe dunque "idea condivisa". Secondo San Girolamo, la sinderesi sarebbe quella parte dell'anima diversamente chiamata coscienza. La sinderesi, che lui chiama scintilla conscientiae ('luce della coscienza'), permette all'uomo di avere autocoscienza, esame di sé, conoscenza innata del bene e del male, e quindi capacità di distinguere spontaneamente il bene dal male, capacità di dirigersi verso ciò che lo conserva, al bene che lo favorisce, conseguendo l'autoconservazione. Secondo Tommaso d'Aquino, la sinderesi esprime la tendenza innata dell'anima umana verso il bene e il suo rifiuto del male. Dalla sinderesi dipende quindi la capacità dell'uomo di desiderare il bene e di provare rimorso per il male compiuto. Tutta la Scolastica deriva il significato di sinderesi proprio dal pensiero tomista, chiarendo che questa disposizione di parte dell'anima al bene avviene poiché quella parte non è stata macchiata dal peccato originale, che di per sé renderebbe impossibile ad ogni uomo di aspirare al bene. In questo significato di tendenza attiva della coscienza al bene, ritroviamo l'uso del termine in Bossuet. Il termine non è più usato nella filosofia contemporanea.Lo si ritrova comunque impiegato, talora, in campo psichiatrico ed in particolare negli studi sulla psicopatia. (it)
  • La syndérèse est, en théologie, la partie la plus élevée de l'âme. D'autres expressions sont aussi utilisées pour la désigner, comme « étincelle de l'âme », « cime de l'âme », « pointe de l'âme » ou encore « étincelle de la conscience ». L'existence du concept de syndérèse se développe à partir de Jérôme de Stridon, qui analyse les conséquences des regrets de Caïn. L'existence des regrets conduit les théologiens à voir une faculté de reconnaître le bien du mal, une faculté irréductible au mal et qui serait une faculté de l'âme. (fr)
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