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William Z. Ripley published in 1899 The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study, which grew out of a series of lectures he gave at the Lowell Institute at Columbia in 1896. Ripley believed that race was critical to understanding human history, though his work afforded environmental and non-biological factors, such as traditions, a strong weight as well. He believed, as he wrote in the introduction to The Races of Europe, that:

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  • The Races of Europe (libro de 1899) (es)
  • The Races of Europe (Ripley book) (en)
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  • William Z. Ripley publicó en 1899 The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study (en español: Las razas de Europa: Un estudio sociológico) que surgió a partir de una serie de conferencias que dio en el Instituto Lowell en Columbia en 1896. Ripley creía que la raza era fundamental para comprender la historia humana, aunque su trabajo ofrecía factores ambientales y no biológicos, como las tradiciones, un gran peso también. Él creía, como escribió en la introducción a The Races of Europe, que: (es)
  • William Z. Ripley published in 1899 The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study, which grew out of a series of lectures he gave at the Lowell Institute at Columbia in 1896. Ripley believed that race was critical to understanding human history, though his work afforded environmental and non-biological factors, such as traditions, a strong weight as well. He believed, as he wrote in the introduction to The Races of Europe, that: (en)
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  • William Z. Ripley publicó en 1899 The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study (en español: Las razas de Europa: Un estudio sociológico) que surgió a partir de una serie de conferencias que dio en el Instituto Lowell en Columbia en 1896. Ripley creía que la raza era fundamental para comprender la historia humana, aunque su trabajo ofrecía factores ambientales y no biológicos, como las tradiciones, un gran peso también. Él creía, como escribió en la introducción a The Races of Europe, que: "La raza, propiamente hablando, es responsable solo de aquellas peculiaridades, mentales o corporales, que se transmiten con constancia en la línea de descendencia física directa de padre a hijo. Muchos rasgos mentales, aptitudes o inclinaciones, por otro lado, que reaparecen persistentemente en poblaciones sucesivas pueden derivarse de una fuente completamente diferente. Pueden haber descendido colateralmente, siguiendo la línea de la sugestión puramente mental en virtud del mero contacto social con las generaciones precedentes".​ Sin justificar esta afirmación, Ripley escribe en la página 119 que el color de ojos de un niño, es favorecido por el color de ojos del padre y escribe sobre la influencia general de la ascendencia paterna: "Una sola ley, a la que ya hemos hecho referencia, parece ser verificada. Es esto, a saber, que los tipos, que son combinaciones de rasgos separados, rara vez son estables en una sola línea a través de varias generaciones. las características se transmiten en independencia una de la otra en nueve de cada diez casos. La necesidad absoluta de estudiar a los hombres en grandes masas, para contrarrestar esta tendencia es por lo tanto imperativa".​ El libro de Ripley, escrito para ayudar a financiar la educación de sus hijos, se volvió muy respetado en la antropología, reconocido por su cuidadosa escritura y cuidadosa compilación (y crítica) de los datos de muchos otros antropólogos en Europa y los Estados Unidos. Ripley basó sus conclusiones sobre la raza al correlacionar datos antropométricos con datos geográficos, prestando especial atención al uso del índice cefálico, que en ese momento se consideraba una medida bien establecida. A partir de este y otros factores sociogeográficos, Ripley clasificó a los europeos en tres razas distintas: 1. * Teutónica: los miembros de la raza septentrional eran de cráneo largo (o dolicocefálicos), altos en estatura, y poseían cabello claro, ojos y piel. 2. * Mediterránea: los miembros de la raza meridional eran de cráneo largo (o dolicocefálicos), de talla corta / media, y poseían cabello oscuro, ojos y piel. 3. * Alpina: los miembros de la raza central eran de cráneo redondo (o braquicéfalos), robustos en estatura y poseían pelo intermedio, ojos y color de piel. El sistema de raza tripartito de Ripley lo puso en desacuerdo tanto con los demás sobre el tema de la diferencia humana, incluidos los que insistieron en que había una sola raza europea, y los que insistieron en que había al menos diez razas europeas (como Joseph Deniker, Ripley lo vio como su principal rival). El conflicto entre Ripley y Deniker fue criticado por , quien afirma que "las grandes discrepancias entre sus afirmaciones disminuyen la autoridad de la antropología", y lo que es más, señala que tanto Deniker como Ripley tenían una característica común, ya que ambos omitieron la existencia de una , que Czekanowski afirmó ser una de las cuatro razas principales de Europa, unión especialmente entre los europeos del este y del sur.​ Ripley fue el primer estadounidense en recibir la Medalla Huxley Memorial del en 1908 a causa de sus contribuciones a la antropología. The Races of Europe, en general, se convirtió en un libro influyente de la Era Progresista en el campo de la taxonomía racial.​El sistema tripartito de Ripley fue especialmente defendido por Madison Grant, quien cambió el tipo "teutónico" de Ripley en el tipo nórdico propio de Grant (tomando el nombre, pero poco más, de Deniker), que postuló como una raza maestra.​ Es en este sentido que el trabajo de Ripley sobre la raza se recuerda generalmente hoy, aunque poco de la ideología de Grant está presente en el trabajo original de Ripley. En 1933, el antropólogo de Harvard, Carleton S. Coon fue invitado a escribir una nueva edición del libro de Ripley de 1899, que Coon dedicó a Ripley. La versión completamente reescrita del libro de Coon se publicó en 1939. (es)
  • William Z. Ripley published in 1899 The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study, which grew out of a series of lectures he gave at the Lowell Institute at Columbia in 1896. Ripley believed that race was critical to understanding human history, though his work afforded environmental and non-biological factors, such as traditions, a strong weight as well. He believed, as he wrote in the introduction to The Races of Europe, that: "Race, properly speaking, is responsible only for those peculiarities, mental or bodily, which are transmitted with constancy along the lines of direct physical descent from father to son. Many mental traits, aptitudes, or proclivities, on the other hand, which reappear persistently in successive populations may be derived from an entirely different source. They may have descended collaterally, along the lines of purely mental suggestion by virtue of mere social contact with preceding generations." While not substantiating this claim, Ripley writes on page 119 that a child's eye color favors the eye color of the father and writes regarding the overall influence of paternal descent: "One law alone, to which we have already made reference, seems to be verified. It is this; viz., that types, which are combinations of separate traits, are rarely if ever stable in a single line through several generations. The physical characteristics are transmitted in independence of one another in nine cases out of ten. The absolute necessity of studying men in large masses, in order to counteract this tendency is by this fact rendered imperative." Ripley's book, written to help finance his children's education, became very well respected in anthropology, renowned for its careful writing and careful compilation (and criticism) of the data of many other anthropologists in Europe and the United States. Ripley based his conclusions about race by correlating anthropometric data with geographical data, paying special attention to the use of the cephalic index, which at the time was considered a well-established measure. From this and other socio-geographical factors, Ripley classified Europeans into three distinct races: 1. * Teutonic – members of the northern race were long-skulled (or dolichocephalic), tall in stature, and possessed pale hair, eyes and skin. 2. * Mediterranean – members of the southern race were long-skulled (or dolichocephalic), short/medium in stature, and possessed dark hair, eyes and skin. 3. * Alpine – members of the central race were round-skulled (or brachycephalic), stocky in stature, and possessed intermediate hair, eye and skin color. Ripley's tripartite system of race put him at odds both with others on the topic of human difference, including those who insisted that there was only one European race, and those who insisted that there were at least ten European races (such as Joseph Deniker, whom Ripley saw as his chief rival). The conflict between Ripley and Deniker was criticized by Jan Czekanowski, who states that "the great discrepancies between their claims decrease the authority of anthropology", and what is more, he points out that both Deniker and Ripley had one common feature, as they both omitted the existence of an Armenoid race, which Czekanowski claimed to be one of the four main races of Europe, met especially among the Eastern Europeans and Southern Europeans. Ripley was the first American recipient of the Huxley Memorial Medal of the Royal Anthropological Institute in 1908 on account of his contributions to anthropology. The Races of Europe, overall, became an influential book of the Progressive Era in the field of racial taxonomy. Ripley's tripartite system was especially championed by Madison Grant, who changed Ripley's "Teutonic" type into Grant's own Nordic type (taking the name, but little else, from Deniker), which he postulated as a master race. It is in this light that Ripley's work on race is usually remembered today, though little of Grant's ideology is present in Ripley's original work. In 1933, the Harvard anthropologist Carleton S. Coon was invited to write a new edition of Ripley's 1899 book, which Coon dedicated to Ripley. Coon's entirely rewritten version of the book was published in 1939. (en)
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