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| - Das Megalithbauwerk Cromlech von Xerez (port Cromeleque do Xerez) lag etwa 3,0 km südlich von Monsaraz, 100 m westlich der Straße nach Mourão im Alentejo in Portugal. Inzwischen ist das Monument, das vermutlich auf das 4. oder 5. Jahrtausend v. Chr. zurückgeht, nach Telheiro, nördlich von Monsaraz verlegt worden. (de)
- The Xerez Cromlech (Portuguese: Cromeleque do Xerez), also known as the Xarez Cromlech, is a megalithic complex that is believed to date back to the 4th or 5th millennia BCE. It is situated near the town of Monsaraz in the Évora district of the Alentejo region of Portugal, close to the Spanish border. The present site of the cromlech is not its original location. Due to the construction of the Alqueva Dam for hydroelectric purposes, which led to the flooding of the original site from 2002, it was transferred from an area that is now under water to its present site close to the Orada Convent. This was the only monument to be moved, with the dam leading to the disappearance of prehistoric engravings and the Roman Castelo da Lousa. (en)
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| has abstract
| - Das Megalithbauwerk Cromlech von Xerez (port Cromeleque do Xerez) lag etwa 3,0 km südlich von Monsaraz, 100 m westlich der Straße nach Mourão im Alentejo in Portugal. Inzwischen ist das Monument, das vermutlich auf das 4. oder 5. Jahrtausend v. Chr. zurückgeht, nach Telheiro, nördlich von Monsaraz verlegt worden. Die völlig aus dem Rahmen der portugiesischen Cromlechs bzw. Steinkreise fallende rechteckige Anordnung der etwa 50 kleinen Menhire um einen Größeren beruht nicht auf einem Befund, sondern entspricht der Vorstellung ihres Entdeckers. Keiner der kleinen Steine befindet sich in situ. Der zentrale, größere phallische Menhir ähnelt anderen, allein stehenden Menhiren wie dem Menhir von Almendres oder dem von Oteiro. Die zentrale Aufstellung erinnert an die Portela de Mogos. Die kleineren Steine wurden 1968 an einer tiefer gelegenen Stelle gefunden und um den großen Menhir herum aufgestellt; später dann an den heutigen Standort gebracht, um sie vor der Überflutung durch den im Jahre 2002 fertiggestellten Alqueva-Stausee zu bewahren. Eine topografische Untersuchung identifizierte nur 12 Steine als Teil des Cromlech, trotz der 55 im aktuellen Plan. (de)
- The Xerez Cromlech (Portuguese: Cromeleque do Xerez), also known as the Xarez Cromlech, is a megalithic complex that is believed to date back to the 4th or 5th millennia BCE. It is situated near the town of Monsaraz in the Évora district of the Alentejo region of Portugal, close to the Spanish border. The present site of the cromlech is not its original location. Due to the construction of the Alqueva Dam for hydroelectric purposes, which led to the flooding of the original site from 2002, it was transferred from an area that is now under water to its present site close to the Orada Convent. This was the only monument to be moved, with the dam leading to the disappearance of prehistoric engravings and the Roman Castelo da Lousa. Although it has much in common with megalithic stone circles, the Xerez cromlech is, in fact, square. There has been some dispute about the authenticity of the square layout or even whether it is a cromlech at all. When first discovered, the stones had been widely dispersed due to agricultural work and an initial topographical survey only identified 12 stones that could be part of a cromlech, although the present layout has 55. As the original site is now under water it is unlikely that the dispute will ever be resolved. It is acknowledged that the square shape results solely from interpretations by José Pires Gonçalves, a doctor and an amateur archaeologist from Reguengos de Monsaraz, previously responsible for identifying the nearby Menhir of Outeiro, who identified the stones as a cromlech in 1969, having been alerted to the existence of the central phallic stone by two local residents, José Cruz e Leonel Franco. The 55 menhirs are of different types of granite of local origin. These are mainly between 0.37 and 2.10 meters in height, with varying shapes (ovoid, slightly flattened, cylindrical, sub-square, conical or polyhedral). Originally raised and put into position by Gonçalves and others in 1972, they are arranged around a large phallic menhir, which is about 4.50 meters high and weighs 7 tons. Seven menhirs, including the central one, are decorated with different motifs that show strong similarities to the designs identified in other monuments of the same type in the region, such as the better-known Almendres Cromlech. In 1998, as part of the efforts to minimize the impact on Portugal’s heritage resulting from the construction of the dam, Mário Varela Gomes of the New University of Lisbon (Universidade NOVA de Lisboa) excavated the site, identifying a diverse set of highly fragmented items, including lithic artefacts (trapezoids and flakes in silica, silicon shale, quartz and quartzite), and some fragments of ceramic containers, such as decorated cups. At the time, Gomes apparently saw no reason to contradict the findings of Gonçalves. The architectural complexity of the site, the decorations on some of the menhirs and the archaeological materials collected suggested use of the area in the Late Paleolithic, a first phase of construction of the site in the early and middle Neolithic, and redesign in the late Neolithic (including placement of the central menhir). The complex is believed to have been used throughout the Chalcolithic. In November 2001, three months after the dam's floodgates were closed, the whole complex was dismantled and the stones were stored for more than two years. The present location was chosen because of the availability of government land and the fact that there would also be room to build a planned archaeology museum, which remained unbuilt in 2019. The reconstruction of the cromlech was carried out on 24-25 June 2004 to coincide with the summer solstice. (en)
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