The 37th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Soviet Union's Red Army during World War II. It served in the North Caucasus Military District; established at Novocherkassk in 1919. In June–July 1939 it was at Omsk preparing for action against Japan in Mongolia, but did not see combat. In 1955 the division was reestablished from the 261st Rifle Division but then finally disbanded by being redesignated the 127th Motor Rifle Division at Leninakan, Armenian SSR, on 25 June 1957.