Antisemitism in Spain has its roots in Christian anti-Judaism which began with the expansion of Christianity on the Iberian Peninsula during the rule of the Roman Empire. Its first violent manifestation occurred in the brutal persecution of Jews in Visigothic Hispania. During the Middle Ages, Jews in Islamic-occupied Spain, Al-Andalus, were designated as dhimmis, and, despite occasional violent outbursts such as the 1066 Granada massacre, they were granted protection to profess their religion in exchange of abiding to certain conditions that limited their rights in relation to Muslims. After the Almoravid invasion in the 11th century, the situation of the Jewish population in Muslim territory worsened, and during the Almohad invasion of the peninsula, many Jews fled to the northern Christi