In 1992 Doctor Claudio Bordignon working at the Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy performed the first procedure of gene therapy using hematopoietic stem cells as vectors to deliver genes intended to correct hereditary diseases. This was a world first, but was unfortunately unsuccessful because it did not lead to sustained correction of the hematopoietic stem cells. In 2002 this work led to the publication of the first successful gene therapy treatment for adenosine deaminase deficiency (SCID). He expanded this work to stem cell gene therapy of other genetic diseases and AIDS, and for the immunotherapy of cancer.