The phrase Imperial and Royal (German: kaiserlich und königlich, pronounced [ˈkaɪzɐlɪç ʔʊnt ˈkøːnɪklɪç]), typically abbreviated as k. u. k., k. und k., k. & k. in German (in all cases the "und" is always spoken unabbreviated), cs. és k. (császári és királyi) in Hungarian, c. a k. (císařský a královský) in Czech, C. i K. (Cesarski i Królewski) in Polish, c. in k. (cesarski in kraljevski) in Slovenian, c. i kr. (carski i kraljevski) in Croatian, ц. и кр. (царски и краљевски) in Serbian, and I.R. (Imperiale Regio) in Italian, refers to the court/government of the Habsburgs in a broader historical perspective. Some modern authors restrict its use to the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary from 1867 to 1918.