María de los Ángeles Alvariño González (Spanish pronunciation: [maˈɾia ðe los ˈaŋxeles alβaˈɾiɲo ɣonˈθaleθ], October 3, 1916 – May 29, 2005), known as Ángeles Alvariño, was a Spanish fishery research biologist and oceanographer globally recognized as an authority in plankton biology. She was the first woman ever appointed as scientist aboard any British or Spanish exploration ship. She discovered 22 new species of marine animals and published over a hundred scientific books, essays, and articles. In her late career she studied the history of early marine scientific exploration.