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Statements

Subject Item
dbr:1984_anti-Sikh_riots
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rdfs:label
시크 학살 Pogrom na sikhach z 1984 roku أعمال الشغب ضد السيخ 1984 Massacre antisikh de 1984 a Delhi Massacre dos siques em 1984 Masacre antisij Émeutes anti-sikhs de 1984 Kerusuhan anti-Sikh 1984 Anti-Sikh-Pogrome in Indien 1984 1984 anti-Sikh riots
rdfs:comment
La massacre antisikh de 1984 a Delhi va ser causada per uns aldarulls que es van produir a la capital federal de l'Índia, i que van succeir després de l'assassinat de la presidenta de l'Índia, Indira Gandhi, per part d'alguns dels seus guardaespatlles sikhs. L'assassinat havia estat una venjança dels sikh, en resposta a la (estel blau). En aquesta operació militar, l'Exèrcit de l'Índia, va atacar a un grup de militants sikh, que estaven refugiats en el temple daurat, el Harmandir Sahib, el santuari més sagrat del sikhisme. Els fets van tenir lloc entre el 31 de octubre i el 3 de novembre de 1984, i van produir un nombre d'aproximadament 2.800 víctimes, la gran majoria d'elles en la zona de la capital federal, Delhi. Pogrom na sikhach z 1984 roku – masakra w Indiach dokonana pomiędzy 31 października a 3 listopada 1984 roku, przede wszystkim w Delhi w reakcji na zabicie przez sikhijskich ochroniarzy premier Indii Indiry Gandhi; policję oskarżano potem o niechronienie obywateli, zginęło 2700 osób, domy opuściło dwadzieścia tysięcy uciekając przed podpaleniami, mordami, gwałtami. Les émeutes anti-Sikhs de 1984 surviennent en Inde après l'assassinat de la Première ministre indienne Indira Gandhi par ses gardes du corps sikhs. Elles ont eu lieu entre le 31 octobre et le 3 novembre 1984. En partie spontanées, ces émeutes sont également encouragées par certains politiciens du parti de Gandhi, le Parti du Congrès. Le gouvernement estime qu’environ 2 800 Sikhs ont été tués à Delhi et 3 350 dans tout le pays, tandis que des sources indépendantes estiment le nombre de décès à environ 8 000-17 000. The 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots, also known as the 1984 Sikh Massacre, was a series of organised pogroms against Sikhs in India following the assassination of Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards. Government estimates project that about 2,800 Sikhs were killed in Delhi and 3,350 nationwide, whilst independent sources estimate the number of deaths at about 17,000–30,000. 시크 학살(Sikh Massacre) 또는 시크 집단살해(genocide of Sikhs)는 1984년 인디라 간디가 시크교도 경호원들에게 암살당하자 이에 대한 반응으로 주로 인도 국민회의 당원들로 이루어진 반시크 폭도들에 의해 자행된 시크교도들에 대한 일련의 포그롬 사태이다. 인도 정부의 공식 발표에 따르면 인도 전역에서 2,800 명이 죽었고 델리에서만 2,100 명이 죽었다. 다른 집계에서는 사망자 수가 8,000 명까지 늘기도 하며, 이에 따르면 델리에서의 사망자 수는 최소 3,000 명 이상이다. 인도의 중앙 수사기관인 은 이 폭동사태가 델리 경찰들 및 일부 정부 관료들의 개입에 의해 조직적으로 이루어졌다고 보고 있다. 훗날 모친의 후광으로 총리에 당선된 라지브 간디는 이 사건에 대한 질문에 “거목이 쓰러지면 땅이 흔들리기 마련”이라고 대답했다. La masacre antisij de 1984 fue provocada por el asesinato de Indira Gandhi el 31 de octubre de 1984 a manos de dos de sus guardaespaldas sij.El asesinato había sido motivado por las represalias de la , en la que el ejército de la India atacó a un grupo de militantes sij refugiados en el Harimandir Sahib, el santuario más sagrado del sijismo. Die Anti-Sikh-Pogrome von 1984 waren eine Reihe von organisierten Pogromen, welche sich von Ende Oktober bis Anfang November des Jahres 1984 in Indien ereigneten. Besonders betroffen waren dabei das Hauptstadtterritorium Delhi. Unruhen ereigneten sich allerdings auch in verschiedenen anderen Städten, insbesondere in Nordindien. Die Pogrome richteten sich gegen Sikhs nach der Ermordung von Indira Gandhi durch ihre Sikh-Leibwächter in Folge der Operation Blue Star. Einzelne Politiker des regierenden indischen Nationalkongresses hatten sich bei der Organisation der Unruhen aktiv beteiligt. Offizielle Schätzungen der indischen Regierung gehen von knapp über 3000 Toten aus. Andere Schätzungen nennen 5000 (davon 2500 allein in Delhi) bis 8000 Tote. Nach den Ausschreitungen erfolgte keine systema كانت أعمال الشغب المناهضة للسيخ لعام 1984، تُعرف أيضًا بمجزرة السيخ لعام 1984، سلسلة من البوغرومات المنظمة ضد السيخ في الهند في أعقاب اغتيال أنديرا غاندي على يدي حراسها الشخصيين الخاصين الذين ينتمون إلى السيخ. تتحدث التقديرات الحكومية عن مقتل نحو 2800 من السيخ في ديلهي و 3350 في كافة أنحاء البلاد في حين تقدر مصادر مستقلة عدد القتلى بين 8000 و17000 قتيل. وقع اغتيال أنديرا غاندي بعد وقت قصير من صدور أوامرها بتنفيذ عملية بلو ستار، التي كانت عملية عسكرية تهدف إلى حماية مجمع معبد هارماندير ساهيب السيخي في أمريستار، بنجاب في شهر يونيو من عام 1984. أسفرت العملية عن معركة دامية مع جماعات من المسلحين السيخ كانت تطالب بحقوق أكبر وحكم ذاتي في البنجاب. انتقد السيخ في كافة أرجاء العالم عملية الجيش ونظر العديد منهم إليها كهجوم على دينهم وهويتهم. Pembunuhan massal anti-Sikh 1984 / Genosida atau Pembantaian Sikh 1984 adalah kekerasan empat hari di India Utara, khususnya Delhi, di mana massa bersenjata (khususnya anggota kongres) menyerang Sikh & harta mereka dalam menanggapi pembunuhan Perdana Menteri Indira Gandhi oleh pengawalnya Sikh. mengatakan bahwa rencana baik diselenggarakan oleh pemerintah saat ini. Massacre dos siques em 1984 foi uma série de pogroms contra os siques na Índia, por multidões antissique, em resposta ao assassinato de Indira Gandhi por seus guarda-costas siques. Houve mais de 8000 mortes, incluindo 3.000 em Deli. O Departamento Central de Investigação, a principal agência de investigação indiana, é da opinião de que os atos de violência foram organizados com o apoio das autoridades policiais e do governo central de Deli, então liderado pelo filho de Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi. Rajiv Gandhi foi empossado como primeiro-ministro após a morte de sua mãe e, quando perguntado sobre os tumultos, disse que "quando uma grande árvore cai, a terra treme."
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dbo:thumbnail
n36:Sikh_man_surrounded_1984_pogroms.jpg?width=300
dbp:author
Jagmohan Singh Khurmi
dbp:caption
Sikh man surrounded and beaten by a mob
dbp:causes
dbr:Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi
dbp:date
1984-10-31
dbp:fatalities
17000 3350
dbp:goals
* Ethnic and religious persecution * Revenge
dbp:methods
dbr:Pogrom dbr:Looting dbr:Mass_rape dbr:Genocide dbr:Mass_murder dbr:Death_by_burning dbr:Acid_throwing dbr:Arson
dbp:partof
the Punjab insurgency
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dbr:Tripura dbr:Punjab,_India dbr:Delhi dbr:Haryana dbr:Jharkhand_Bokaro_Riots dbr:Bihar dbr:Uttar_Pradesh dbr:Madhya_Pradesh
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dbr:Sikhs dbr:Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh dbr:Indian_National_Congress
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The Tribune
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Such wide-scale violence cannot take place without police help. Delhi Police, whose paramount duty was to upkeep law and order situation and protect innocent lives, gave full help to rioters who were in fact working under able guidance of sycophant leaders like Jagdish Tytler and H K L Bhagat. It is a known fact that many jails, sub-jails and lock-ups were opened for three days and prisoners, for the most part hardened criminals, were provided fullest provisions, means and instruction to "teach the Sikhs a lesson". But it will be wrong to say that Delhi Police did nothing, for it took full and keen action against Sikhs who tried to defend themselves. The Sikhs who opened fire to save their lives and property had to spend months dragging heels in courts after-wards.
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1984
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시크 학살(Sikh Massacre) 또는 시크 집단살해(genocide of Sikhs)는 1984년 인디라 간디가 시크교도 경호원들에게 암살당하자 이에 대한 반응으로 주로 인도 국민회의 당원들로 이루어진 반시크 폭도들에 의해 자행된 시크교도들에 대한 일련의 포그롬 사태이다. 인도 정부의 공식 발표에 따르면 인도 전역에서 2,800 명이 죽었고 델리에서만 2,100 명이 죽었다. 다른 집계에서는 사망자 수가 8,000 명까지 늘기도 하며, 이에 따르면 델리에서의 사망자 수는 최소 3,000 명 이상이다. 인도의 중앙 수사기관인 은 이 폭동사태가 델리 경찰들 및 일부 정부 관료들의 개입에 의해 조직적으로 이루어졌다고 보고 있다. 훗날 모친의 후광으로 총리에 당선된 라지브 간디는 이 사건에 대한 질문에 “거목이 쓰러지면 땅이 흔들리기 마련”이라고 대답했다. كانت أعمال الشغب المناهضة للسيخ لعام 1984، تُعرف أيضًا بمجزرة السيخ لعام 1984، سلسلة من البوغرومات المنظمة ضد السيخ في الهند في أعقاب اغتيال أنديرا غاندي على يدي حراسها الشخصيين الخاصين الذين ينتمون إلى السيخ. تتحدث التقديرات الحكومية عن مقتل نحو 2800 من السيخ في ديلهي و 3350 في كافة أنحاء البلاد في حين تقدر مصادر مستقلة عدد القتلى بين 8000 و17000 قتيل. وقع اغتيال أنديرا غاندي بعد وقت قصير من صدور أوامرها بتنفيذ عملية بلو ستار، التي كانت عملية عسكرية تهدف إلى حماية مجمع معبد هارماندير ساهيب السيخي في أمريستار، بنجاب في شهر يونيو من عام 1984. أسفرت العملية عن معركة دامية مع جماعات من المسلحين السيخ كانت تطالب بحقوق أكبر وحكم ذاتي في البنجاب. انتقد السيخ في كافة أرجاء العالم عملية الجيش ونظر العديد منهم إليها كهجوم على دينهم وهويتهم. في أعقاب البوغرومات، ذكرت الحكومة أن 20 ألف شخصًا قد فروا من المدينة، وتحدث اتحاد الشعب للحقوق المدنية عن تهجير 1000 شخص «على الأقل». كانت أحياء السيخ في دلهي أكثر المناطق تضررًا. رأت المنظمات الحقوقية والصحف في كافة أنحاء البلاد أن المجزرة كانت منظمة. تسبب تواطؤ مسؤولين سياسيين على صلات بالمؤتمر الوطني الهندي بأعمال العنف والفشل القضائي في معاقبة الجناة بعزل السيخ وزاد من التأييد الذي نالته حركة خاليستان. تصنف أكال تاكت، الهيئة السيخية الحاكمة، أعمال القتل بأنها إبادة جماعية. في عام 2011، تحدث تقرير لمنظمة هيومان رايتس ووتش أن حكومة الهند «لم تلاحق بعد أولئك المسؤولين عن أعمال القتل الجماعية». ووفقًا لتسرب البرقيات الدبلوماسية للولايات المتحدة لعام 2011، كانت الولايات المتحدة مقتنعة بتواطؤ المؤتمر الوطني الهندي في أعمال الشغب ووصفت حكومة المؤتمر «بالانتهازية» وبأنها تكن «حقدًا» ضد السيخ. على الرغم من أن الولايات المتحدة لم تصنف أعمال الشغب بأنها إبادة جماعية، فقد أقرت بوقوع «انتهاكات جسيمة لحقوق الإنسان». في عام 2011، اكتشفت مواقع محروقة جرت فيها العديد من أعمال قتل ضد السيخ تعود إلى العام 1984 في مناطق باتاودي وهوند تشيلار من هاريانا. يرى مكتب التحقيقات المركزي، هيئة التحقيق الرئيسية في الهند، أن أعمال العنف كانت منظمة بدعم من شرطة دلهي وبعض مسؤولي الحكومة المركزية. بعد تأجيل استمر ل34 عامًا، حدثت أول إدانة رفيعة المستوى لأعمال العنف ضد السيخ لعام 1984 عند اعتقال زعيم المؤتمر ساجان كومار الذي نال حكمًا بالسجن مدى الحياة من قبل محكمة دلهي العليا. ولم تحدث سوى القليل من الإدانات للقضايا المعلقة التي تعود إلى عام 1984، ولم يحدث سوى حكم واحد فقط بالإعدام ضد المتهم ياشبال في قضية قتل سيخ في منطقة ماهيبالبور في دلهي. Pembunuhan massal anti-Sikh 1984 / Genosida atau Pembantaian Sikh 1984 adalah kekerasan empat hari di India Utara, khususnya Delhi, di mana massa bersenjata (khususnya anggota kongres) menyerang Sikh & harta mereka dalam menanggapi pembunuhan Perdana Menteri Indira Gandhi oleh pengawalnya Sikh. mengatakan bahwa rencana baik diselenggarakan oleh pemerintah saat ini. Pada 1970-an, selama , ribuan Sikh yang berkampanye untuk dipenjara. Kekerasan sporadis terus terjadi sebagai hasil dari kelompok bersenjata separatis Sikh yang ditetapkan sebagai entitas teroris oleh pemerintah India. Pada bulan Juni 1984, selama , Indira Gandhi memerintahkan Tentara India untuk mengamankan Kuil Emas dan menghilangkan pemberontak, karena telah diduduki oleh Separatis Sikh yang memasok persenjataan. oleh pasukan paramiliter India telah dimulai untuk membersihkan separatis dari desa . Bahkan saat ini Sikh lain merasakan adanya tindakan sebagai serangan terhadap agama mereka dan hak-hak, sementara masalah ini diperdebatkan dengan kejahatan kejam yang dilakukan oleh kedua belah pihak. Kekerasan di Delhi dipicu oleh pembunuhan Indira Gandhi pada tanggal 31 Oktober 1984, oleh dua pengawal Sikh sebagai respon terhadap tindakannya yang mengizinkan operasi militer. Pemerintah India melaporkan 2.700 kematian dalam kekacauan berikutnya. Setelah terjadinya pembantaian, Pemerintah India melaporkan bahwa 20.000 orang telah melarikan diri dari kota, namun melaporkan "setidaknya" 50.000 . Daerah yang paling terpengaruh adalah lingkungan di Delhi. Organisasi hak asasi manusia dan surat kabar percaya bahwa pembantaian diorganisasi. Kolusi pejabat politik dalam pembantaian dan kegagalan untuk menuntut pembunuh terasing Sikh normal dan meningkatkan dukungan untuk gerakan Khalistan. , badan keagamaan yang mengatur Sikh, menganggap pembunuhan merupakan genosida. Pada tahun 2011, Human Rights Watch melaporkan Pemerintah India telah "belum mengadili mereka yang bertanggung jawab atas pembunuhan massal". mengungkapkan bahwa Amerika Serikat yakin tentang keterlibatan Pemerintah India yang diperintah oleh Kongres Nasional India dalam pembantaian, dan disebut itu sebagai "oportunisme" dan "kebencian" dari pemerintah terhadap Kongres Sikh. Juga pada 2011, satu set baru kuburan massal ditemukan di Haryana dan Human Rights Watch melaporkan bahwa "Meluasnya serangan anti-Sikh di Haryana adalah bagian dari serangan balas dendam yang lebih luas" di India. The 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots, also known as the 1984 Sikh Massacre, was a series of organised pogroms against Sikhs in India following the assassination of Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards. Government estimates project that about 2,800 Sikhs were killed in Delhi and 3,350 nationwide, whilst independent sources estimate the number of deaths at about 17,000–30,000. The assassination of Indira Gandhi itself had taken place shortly after she had ordered Operation Blue Star, a military action to secure the Harmandir Sahib Sikh temple complex in Amritsar, Punjab, in June 1984. The operation had resulted in a deadly battle with armed Sikh groups who were demanding greater rights and autonomy for Punjab. Sikhs worldwide had criticized the army action and many saw it as an assault on their religion and identity. In the aftermath of the pogroms, the government reported that 20,000 had fled the city; the People's Union for Civil Liberties reported "at least" 1,000 displaced persons. The most-affected regions were the Sikh neighbourhoods of Delhi. Human rights organisations and newspapers across India believed that the massacre was organised. The collusion of political officials connected to the Indian National Congress in the violence and judicial failure to penalise the perpetrators alienated Sikhs and increased support for the Khalistan movement. The Akal Takht, Sikhism's governing body, considers the killings a genocide. In 2011, Human Rights Watch reported that the Government of India had "yet to prosecute those responsible for the mass killings". According to the 2011 WikiLeaks cable leaks, the United States was convinced of Indian National Congress' complicity in the riots and called it "opportunism" and "hatred" by the Congress government, of Sikhs. Although the U.S. has not identified the riots as genocide, it acknowledged that "grave human rights violations" occurred. In 2011, the burned sites of multiple Sikh killings from 1984, were discovered in Hondh-Chillar and Pataudi areas of Haryana. The Central Bureau of Investigation, the main Indian investigative agency, believes that the violence was organised with support from the Delhi police and some central-government officials. After 34 years of delay, in December 2018, the first high-profile conviction for the 1984 anti-Sikh riots took place with the arrest of Congress leader Sajjan Kumar, who was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Delhi High Court. Very few convictions have taken place in the pending 1984 cases, with only one death penalty conviction for an accused, Yashpal in the case of murdering Sikhs in the Mahipalpur area of Delhi. In 2014, Union Home Minister Rajnath Singh called the 1984 killings of Sikhs ‘a genocide’. During a rally in 2019, PM Narendra Modi also referred to the 1984 massacre of Sikhs as a ‘horrendous genocide’ refuting Congress Party’s Sam Pitroda. Again whilst addressing a rally in 2022, PM Narendra Modi referred to these killing as a genocide. In 2017, Ontario Assembly passed a resolution condemning the killings of Sikhs in 1984 as a genocide, which was dismissed as an exaggeration by Indian government. In 2018, Connecticut Assembly passed a resolution that recognised the killings as a genocide. On 7 January 2022, State of New Jersey, USA passed a resolution formally recognizing and condemning the 1984 massacre against Sikhs in India as a genocide as well as acknowledging the subsequent migration of Sikhs from India to the United States. Massacre dos siques em 1984 foi uma série de pogroms contra os siques na Índia, por multidões antissique, em resposta ao assassinato de Indira Gandhi por seus guarda-costas siques. Houve mais de 8000 mortes, incluindo 3.000 em Deli. O Departamento Central de Investigação, a principal agência de investigação indiana, é da opinião de que os atos de violência foram organizados com o apoio das autoridades policiais e do governo central de Deli, então liderado pelo filho de Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi. Rajiv Gandhi foi empossado como primeiro-ministro após a morte de sua mãe e, quando perguntado sobre os tumultos, disse que "quando uma grande árvore cai, a terra treme." Pogrom na sikhach z 1984 roku – masakra w Indiach dokonana pomiędzy 31 października a 3 listopada 1984 roku, przede wszystkim w Delhi w reakcji na zabicie przez sikhijskich ochroniarzy premier Indii Indiry Gandhi; policję oskarżano potem o niechronienie obywateli, zginęło 2700 osób, domy opuściło dwadzieścia tysięcy uciekając przed podpaleniami, mordami, gwałtami. Die Anti-Sikh-Pogrome von 1984 waren eine Reihe von organisierten Pogromen, welche sich von Ende Oktober bis Anfang November des Jahres 1984 in Indien ereigneten. Besonders betroffen waren dabei das Hauptstadtterritorium Delhi. Unruhen ereigneten sich allerdings auch in verschiedenen anderen Städten, insbesondere in Nordindien. Die Pogrome richteten sich gegen Sikhs nach der Ermordung von Indira Gandhi durch ihre Sikh-Leibwächter in Folge der Operation Blue Star. Einzelne Politiker des regierenden indischen Nationalkongresses hatten sich bei der Organisation der Unruhen aktiv beteiligt. Offizielle Schätzungen der indischen Regierung gehen von knapp über 3000 Toten aus. Andere Schätzungen nennen 5000 (davon 2500 allein in Delhi) bis 8000 Tote. Nach den Ausschreitungen erfolgte keine systematische Aufarbeitung der Geschehnisse oder Verfolgung der Täter. Les émeutes anti-Sikhs de 1984 surviennent en Inde après l'assassinat de la Première ministre indienne Indira Gandhi par ses gardes du corps sikhs. Elles ont eu lieu entre le 31 octobre et le 3 novembre 1984. En partie spontanées, ces émeutes sont également encouragées par certains politiciens du parti de Gandhi, le Parti du Congrès. Le gouvernement estime qu’environ 2 800 Sikhs ont été tués à Delhi et 3 350 dans tout le pays, tandis que des sources indépendantes estiment le nombre de décès à environ 8 000-17 000. L’assassinat d’Indira Gandhi était en représailles à son ordre à l’armée indienne d’attaquer le complexe Harmandir Sahib à Amritsar, Pendjab, en juin 1984. L’attaque avait donné lieu à une bataille meurtrière avec des groupes armés sikhs qui réclamaient plus de droits et d’autonomie pour le Pendjab. Les sikhs du monde entier avaient critiqué l’action de l’armée et beaucoup y voyaient une attaque contre leur religion et leur identité. Après 34 ans de retard, en décembre 2018, la première condamnation très médiatisée pour les émeutes anti-sikhes de 1984 a eu lieu avec l’arrestation d'un membre du Congrès national indien, Sajjan Kumar, qui a été condamné à la prison à vie par la Haute Cour de Delhi. La masacre antisij de 1984 fue provocada por el asesinato de Indira Gandhi el 31 de octubre de 1984 a manos de dos de sus guardaespaldas sij.El asesinato había sido motivado por las represalias de la , en la que el ejército de la India atacó a un grupo de militantes sij refugiados en el Harimandir Sahib, el santuario más sagrado del sijismo. En los disturbios antisij que se produjeron tras la muerte de la Primera Ministra, durante los siguientes cuatro días, casi 3.000 sij murieron en diversos actos de violencia. las regiones más afectadas fueron los barrios de Delhi, aunque hubo otros ataques en diversos lugares de la India. Muchos indios de diferentes religiones hicieron esfuerzos significativos para ocultar y ayudar a proteger a las familias sij de los ataques violentos.​ La massacre antisikh de 1984 a Delhi va ser causada per uns aldarulls que es van produir a la capital federal de l'Índia, i que van succeir després de l'assassinat de la presidenta de l'Índia, Indira Gandhi, per part d'alguns dels seus guardaespatlles sikhs. L'assassinat havia estat una venjança dels sikh, en resposta a la (estel blau). En aquesta operació militar, l'Exèrcit de l'Índia, va atacar a un grup de militants sikh, que estaven refugiats en el temple daurat, el Harmandir Sahib, el santuari més sagrat del sikhisme. Els fets van tenir lloc entre el 31 de octubre i el 3 de novembre de 1984, i van produir un nombre d'aproximadament 2.800 víctimes, la gran majoria d'elles en la zona de la capital federal, Delhi. Encara que suposadament aquests alderulls van ser espontanis, es creu que van ser encoratjats per alguns polítics del partit del Congrés Nacional Indi, el aleshores Primer ministre de l'Índia, Rajiv Gandhi. Cal dir que molts indis de diferents religions van fer esforços significatius per amagar, ajudar, i protegir a les famílies dels sikhs dels atacs dels violents.
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