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Boluan Fanzheng Boluan Fanzheng Boluan Fanzheng Boluan Fanzheng 拨乱反正 Boluan Fanzheng Boluan Fanzheng Болуань Фаньчжэн Boluan Fanzheng
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Boluan Fanzheng (chinesisch 拨乱反正 / 撥亂反正), was wörtlich Chaos beseitigen und zur Normalität zurückkehren bedeutet, war eine Zeit in der Geschichte der Volksrepublik China, in welcher Deng Xiaoping ab 1977 versuchte, Fehler der von Mao Zedong ins Leben gerufenen Kulturrevolution zu korrigieren. Über einen Zeitraum von mehreren Jahren, bis etwa 1982, wurde schrittweise die mit der Kulturrevolution verbundene maoistische Politik revidiert, Millionen von Opfern der Kulturrevolution rehabilitiert und verschiedene gesellschaftspolitische Reformen eingeleitet. Die Boluan-Fanzheng-Politik bildete die Grundlage für die folgende Reform- und Öffnungspolitik ab Dezember 1978. Boluan Fanzheng (Hanzi sederhana: 拨乱反正; Hanzi tradisional: 撥亂反正) atau Poluan Fancheng, artinya "penghapusan pertikaian dan pemulihan ke keadaan normal", adalah sebuah periode dalam sejarah Republik Rakyat Tiongkok dimana Deng Xiaoping, pada masa itu, memimpin sebuah program yang ditujukan untuk memperbaiki kesalahan-kesalahan Revolusi Kebudayaan yang diluncurkan oleh Mao Zedong. Program tersebut secara bertahap melucuti kebijakan-kebijakan Maois yang berkaitan dengan Revolusi Kebudayaan, merehabilitasi jutaan korban yang ditindas pada masa Revolusi tersebut, menginisiasikan berbagai reformasi sosiopolitik, dan membawa negara tersebut kembali ke tatanan dalam cara sistematis. Periode Boluan Fanzheng dianggap sebagai periode transisi penting dalam sejarah Tiongkok, yang dijadikan sebagai la Boluan Fanzheng (撥亂反正T, 拨乱反正S, Bōluàn FǎnzhèngP), che letteralmente significa "eliminare il caos e tornare alla normalità", è stato un periodo di transizione nella storia della Repubblica Popolare Cinese. Durante questo periodo, Deng Xiaoping, allora leader supremo della Cina, guidò un programma di vasta portata nel tentativo di correggere gli errori della Rivoluzione Culturale lanciata da Mao Zedong. Il programma ha gradualmente smantellato le politiche maoiste associate alla Rivoluzione Culturale, riabilitato milioni di vittime perseguitate durante la Rivoluzione, avviato varie riforme sociopolitiche e riportato l'ordine nel paese in modo sistematico. Il periodo Boluan Fanzheng è considerato un importante periodo di transizione nella storia moderna della Cina, che è servito come base del Болуань Фаньчжэн (кит. трад. 撥亂反正, упр. 拨乱反正, пиньинь Bōluàn Fǎnzhèng, буквально означает «выправление ошибочного и восстановление правильного») — в истории Китайской Народной Республики, в течение которого Дэн Сяопин, в то время , возглавил программу по преодолению последствий Культурной революции, ранее начатой Мао Цзэдуном. В ходе реализации программы постепенно была прекращена маоистская политика, реабилитированы миллионы жертв, подвергшиеся преследованию во времена Мао, инициированы социально-политические реформы, направленные на возвращение страны к гражданскому миру и порядку. Период Болуань Фаньчжэн считается важным переходным периодом в истории Китая; он послужил прологом к исторической политике реформ и открытости, начавшейся 18 декабря 1978 года. Boluan Fanzheng (chinês simplificado: 拨乱反正; chinês tradicional: 撥亂反正), que significa literalmente "eliminar o caos e voltar ao normal", foi um período na história da República Popular da China durante o qual Deng Xiaoping, então líder supremo da China, tentou sistematicamente corrigir os erros da Revolução Cultural lançada por Mao Tsé-Tung. O programa desmantelou gradualmente as políticas maoístas associadas à Revolução Cultural, reabilitou milhões de vítimas que foram perseguidas durante a Revolução, iniciou várias reformas sociopolíticas e trouxe o país de volta à ordem de forma sistemática. O período Boluan Fanzheng é considerado um importante período de transição na história da China, que serviu como base para o histórico programa de "Reforma e Abertura" iniciado em 18 de dezembro de 1 Boluan Fanzheng (chino simplificado: 拨乱反正; chino tradicional: 撥亂反正) , que literalmente significa «eliminar el caos y volver a la normalidad», fue un período en la historia de la República Popular China durante el cual Deng Xiaoping, entonces líder supremo de China, dirigió un influyente programa dirigido a corregir los errores de la Revolución Cultural lanzada por Mao Zedong.​​​​​ El programa desmanteló gradualmente las políticas maoístas asociadas con la Revolución Cultural, rehabilitó a millones de víctimas que fueron perseguidas durante la Revolución, inició varias reformas sociopolíticas y devolvió el país al orden de manera sistemática.​​​​​ El período de Boluan Fanzheng es considerado un período de transición importante en la historia de China, que actuó como la base del histórico pr Boluan Fanzheng (chinois simplifié : 拨乱反正 ; chinois traditionnel : 撥亂反正), qui signifie littéralement « éliminer le chaos et revenir à la normale », a été une période de transition importante dans l'histoire de la république populaire de Chine, pendant laquelle Deng Xiaoping, le chef suprême de la Chine à l'époque, a dirigé un programme pour réparer les dommages causés par la révolution culturelle lancée par Mao Zedong. Le programme « Boluan Fanzheng » a progressivement démantelé les politiques maoïstes associées à la Révolution culturelle, réhabilité des millions de victimes persécutées pendant la Révolution, lancé de diverses réformes sociopolitiques et ramené le pays à l'ordre de manière systématique. Le programme a constitué le fondement du programme historique « Réforme et ouverture » Boluan Fanzheng (simplified Chinese: 拨乱反正; traditional Chinese: 撥亂反正; lit. 'Eliminating Chaos and Returning to Normal') or Poluan Fancheng, was a period in the history of People's Republic of China during which Deng Xiaoping, then paramount leader of China, led a far-reaching program attempting to correct the mistakes of the Cultural Revolution launched by Mao Zedong. The program gradually dismantled the Maoist policies associated with the Cultural Revolution, rehabilitated millions of victims who were persecuted during the Revolution, initiated various sociopolitical reforms, and brought the country back to order in a systematic way. The Boluan Fanzheng period is regarded as an important transition period in China's history, which served as the bedrock of the historic Reform and Opening-u 拨乱反正，是指中国大陆在毛泽东等人发动的文化大革命（1966-1976年）结束后，邓小平等人为纠正文革错误、改变当时国内混乱局面、使国内局势趋于稳定而进行的一系列平反和社会改革，是中华人民共和国历史上的一次重大转折。这场变革发生于1970年代末至1980年代初，涉及意识形态、政治法律、科教文化等方方面面，为改革开放奠基。邓小平于1977年9月首次公开提出要进行“拨乱反正”，他也是拨乱反正、改革开放的核心人物。 1976年9月9日，毛泽东去世，10月6日，四人帮被粉碎、持续十年的文化大革命结束。1976-78年间，中共中央主席华国锋等人奉行“两个凡是”原则，持续了毛泽东时代的路线。1978年5月起，邓小平、胡耀邦等人推动了一场社会各阶层参与的真理标准大讨论、反对两个凡是，12月13日邓在中共中央工作会议上发表了题为《解放思想，实事求是，团结一致向前看》的讲话，反对“思想僵化、迷信盛行”，提倡“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”，而这次讲话也成为了中国近代史上思想解放的重要标志。在1978年12月的中共十一届三中全会上，邓小平取代中共中央主席、国务院总理华国锋成为中国实际上的最高领导人，否定了“以阶级斗争为纲”的路线，提出了“以经济建设为中心”的路线，并强调“四个现代化”。
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Eliminating Chaos and Returning to Normal
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bōluànfǎnzhèng
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拨乱反正
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撥亂反正
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po-luan-fan-cheng
dbo:abstract
Boluan Fanzheng (chinês simplificado: 拨乱反正; chinês tradicional: 撥亂反正), que significa literalmente "eliminar o caos e voltar ao normal", foi um período na história da República Popular da China durante o qual Deng Xiaoping, então líder supremo da China, tentou sistematicamente corrigir os erros da Revolução Cultural lançada por Mao Tsé-Tung. O programa desmantelou gradualmente as políticas maoístas associadas à Revolução Cultural, reabilitou milhões de vítimas que foram perseguidas durante a Revolução, iniciou várias reformas sociopolíticas e trouxe o país de volta à ordem de forma sistemática. O período Boluan Fanzheng é considerado um importante período de transição na história da China, que serviu como base para o histórico programa de "Reforma e Abertura" iniciado em 18 de dezembro de 1978. Após o fim da Revolução Cultural em 1976, Deng Xiaoping propôs pela primeira vez a ideia do "Boluan Fanzheng" em setembro de 1977. Com a ajuda de seus aliados, como Hu Yaobang, que mais tarde se tornou secretário-geral do Partido Comunista Chinês (PCC), Deng foi capaz de lançar o programa de Boluan Fanzheng e emergiu como o líder supremo de fato da China em dezembro de 1978 no 3ª Sessão Plenária do 11º Comitê Central do PCC. O período Boluan Fanzheng durou até o início dos anos 1980, após o qual o foco principal do PCC e do governo chinês mudou de "lutas de classes" para "construção econômica" e "modernização". No entanto, o período Boluan Fanzheng também viu muitas controvérsias, como as opiniões divergentes sobre Mao Zedong, a inclusão dos "Quatro Princípios Cardeais" na Constituição da China para manter o Estado de partido único na China e as controvérsias jurídicas que muitos dos líderes e perpetradores nos massacres da Revolução Cultural receberam pouca ou nenhuma punição. O Partido Comunista não divulgou totalmente os documentos relacionados à Revolução Cultural e tem restringido os estudos acadêmicos e as discussões públicas sobre a Revolução na sociedade chinesa. Além disso, depois que Xi Jinping foi bem-sucedido como Secretário Geral do PCC em 2012, algumas das reformas feitas durante o período Boluan Fanzheng foram gradualmente revertidas, gerando preocupações com uma nova Revolução Cultural. Boluan Fanzheng (chino simplificado: 拨乱反正; chino tradicional: 撥亂反正) , que literalmente significa «eliminar el caos y volver a la normalidad», fue un período en la historia de la República Popular China durante el cual Deng Xiaoping, entonces líder supremo de China, dirigió un influyente programa dirigido a corregir los errores de la Revolución Cultural lanzada por Mao Zedong.​​​​​ El programa desmanteló gradualmente las políticas maoístas asociadas con la Revolución Cultural, rehabilitó a millones de víctimas que fueron perseguidas durante la Revolución, inició varias reformas sociopolíticas y devolvió el país al orden de manera sistemática.​​​​​ El período de Boluan Fanzheng es considerado un período de transición importante en la historia de China, que actuó como la base del histórico programa de Reforma y Apertura a partir de diciembre de 1978.​​​​​ Boluan Fanzheng (simplified Chinese: 拨乱反正; traditional Chinese: 撥亂反正; lit. 'Eliminating Chaos and Returning to Normal') or Poluan Fancheng, was a period in the history of People's Republic of China during which Deng Xiaoping, then paramount leader of China, led a far-reaching program attempting to correct the mistakes of the Cultural Revolution launched by Mao Zedong. The program gradually dismantled the Maoist policies associated with the Cultural Revolution, rehabilitated millions of victims who were persecuted during the Revolution, initiated various sociopolitical reforms, and brought the country back to order in a systematic way. The Boluan Fanzheng period is regarded as an important transition period in China's history, which served as the bedrock of the historic Reform and Opening-up program starting on December 18, 1978. After the Cultural Revolution ended in 1976, Deng Xiaoping first proposed the idea of "Boluan Fanzheng" in September 1977. With the help of his allies such as Hu Yaobang who later became the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Deng was able to launch the program of Boluan Fanzheng and emerged as the de facto supreme leader of China in December 1978 during the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of CCP. The Boluan Fanzheng period lasted until early 1980s, after which the primary focus of CCP and the Chinese government changed from "class struggles" to "economic construction" and "modernization". However, the Boluan Fanzheng period also saw many controversies, such as the disagreed views on Mao Zedong, the inclusion of the "Four Cardinal Principles" in China's Constitution in order to maintain the one-party state in China, and the legal controversies that many of the leaders and perpetrators in Cultural Revolution massacres received little or no punishment at all. The Communist Party has not fully declassified the documents related to the Cultural Revolution and has been restricting academic studies and public discussions of the Revolution within the Chinese society. Moreover, after Xi Jinping succeeded as the General Secretary of CCP and came to power in 2012, some of the reforms made during the Boluan Fanzheng period were gradually reversed, triggering concerns of a new Cultural Revolution. 拨乱反正，是指中国大陆在毛泽东等人发动的文化大革命（1966-1976年）结束后，邓小平等人为纠正文革错误、改变当时国内混乱局面、使国内局势趋于稳定而进行的一系列平反和社会改革，是中华人民共和国历史上的一次重大转折。这场变革发生于1970年代末至1980年代初，涉及意识形态、政治法律、科教文化等方方面面，为改革开放奠基。邓小平于1977年9月首次公开提出要进行“拨乱反正”，他也是拨乱反正、改革开放的核心人物。 1976年9月9日，毛泽东去世，10月6日，四人帮被粉碎、持续十年的文化大革命结束。1976-78年间，中共中央主席华国锋等人奉行“两个凡是”原则，持续了毛泽东时代的路线。1978年5月起，邓小平、胡耀邦等人推动了一场社会各阶层参与的真理标准大讨论、反对两个凡是，12月13日邓在中共中央工作会议上发表了题为《解放思想，实事求是，团结一致向前看》的讲话，反对“思想僵化、迷信盛行”，提倡“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”，而这次讲话也成为了中国近代史上思想解放的重要标志。在1978年12月的中共十一届三中全会上，邓小平取代中共中央主席、国务院总理华国锋成为中国实际上的最高领导人，否定了“以阶级斗争为纲”的路线，提出了“以经济建设为中心”的路线，并强调“四个现代化”。 拨乱反正时期起，邓小平、胡耀邦等人大量平反冤假错案，1978年后的数年内全国平反的案件达三百多万件，并特别为刘少奇、彭德怀、陶铸等在文革期间被迫害致死的中共中央领导人举行追悼会、彻底平反、恢复名誉。1981年6月，中共十一届六中全会一致通过了《关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议》，全面否定了文化大革命。1980年代初，邓小平等人主持重新修订了《中华人民共和国宪法》，全国人大于1982年通过了具有历史性意义的《八二宪法》，突出了宪政主义的精神和思想。而在科教领域，1977年，邓小平决定恢复因文革而中断了十年的高考，之后主导了对文革期间受迫害并被批斗为反动学术权威、“臭老九”的知识分子的平反，提出“知识分子已经是工人阶级自己的一部分”、“尊重知识，尊重人才，要反对不尊重知识分子的错误思想”。其中，中共中央特别为姚桐斌、赵九章两位在文革期间被迫害致死的“两弹一星元勋”平反，并将姚桐斌追认为為國捐軀的“烈士”。 但另一方面，拨乱反正也存在局限性和诸多争议，例如“四项基本原则”被写入《八二宪法》，指出必须坚持社会主义、中国共产党的领导、马克思主义、毛泽东思想，部分政治运动的受害者未获平反，并且文革中许多屠杀事件的领导者和参与者并未受到法律审判或量刑过轻。此外，天安门城楼上依然保留毛泽东像、天安门广场上兴建毛主席纪念堂也受到争议。还有学者认为，邓小平在对毛泽东本人的评价上以及在对极权主义、专制主义的反思中也体现出了邓个人的局限性，尤其是在《关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议》的起草过程中坚持要求对毛作出“功大于过”的评价，并将文革的大部分责任推给四人帮和林彪。而自拨乱反正时期起，对毛泽东的评价在世界各地就一直存在巨大争议。 Boluan Fanzheng (Hanzi sederhana: 拨乱反正; Hanzi tradisional: 撥亂反正) atau Poluan Fancheng, artinya "penghapusan pertikaian dan pemulihan ke keadaan normal", adalah sebuah periode dalam sejarah Republik Rakyat Tiongkok dimana Deng Xiaoping, pada masa itu, memimpin sebuah program yang ditujukan untuk memperbaiki kesalahan-kesalahan Revolusi Kebudayaan yang diluncurkan oleh Mao Zedong. Program tersebut secara bertahap melucuti kebijakan-kebijakan Maois yang berkaitan dengan Revolusi Kebudayaan, merehabilitasi jutaan korban yang ditindas pada masa Revolusi tersebut, menginisiasikan berbagai reformasi sosiopolitik, dan membawa negara tersebut kembali ke tatanan dalam cara sistematis. Periode Boluan Fanzheng dianggap sebagai periode transisi penting dalam sejarah Tiongkok, yang dijadikan sebagai landasan program reformasi dan pembukaan yang dimulai pada 18 Desember 1978. Болуань Фаньчжэн (кит. трад. 撥亂反正, упр. 拨乱反正, пиньинь Bōluàn Fǎnzhèng, буквально означает «выправление ошибочного и восстановление правильного») — в истории Китайской Народной Республики, в течение которого Дэн Сяопин, в то время , возглавил программу по преодолению последствий Культурной революции, ранее начатой Мао Цзэдуном. В ходе реализации программы постепенно была прекращена маоистская политика, реабилитированы миллионы жертв, подвергшиеся преследованию во времена Мао, инициированы социально-политические реформы, направленные на возвращение страны к гражданскому миру и порядку. Период Болуань Фаньчжэн считается важным переходным периодом в истории Китая; он послужил прологом к исторической политике реформ и открытости, начавшейся 18 декабря 1978 года. После окончания Культурной революции в 1976 году Дэн Сяопин впервые предложил идею «Болуань Фаньчжэн» в сентябре 1977 года. С помощью своих союзников, таких как Ху Яобан, который позже стал Генеральным секретарём Коммунистической партии Китая (КПК), Дэн смог запустить программу Болуань Фаньчжэн и стал де-факто верховным лидером Китая в декабре 1978 года на . Период Болуань Фаньчжэн длился до начала 1980-х годов, после чего основной акцент КПК и правительства Китая сместился с «классовой борьбы» на «экономическое строительство» и «». Период Болуань Фаньчжэн характеризовался многочисленными дискуссиями, в том числе об отношении к Мао Цзэдуну, включении «» в конституцию Китая для сохранения однопартийного государства, а также спорами о правовой ответственности руководителей и исполнителей массовых убийств, осуществлявшихся в рамках Культурной революции, итогом которых стало их практически полное освобождение от ответственности. Документы, связанные с Культурной революцией, не были полностью рассекречены, по ним до сих пор ограничены академические исследования, как и публичные обсуждения революции в китайском обществе. После того, как Си Цзиньпин Генеральным секретарём ЦК КПК в 2012 году, некоторые реформы, проведённые в период Болуань Фаньчжэн, были постепенно отменены, что вызвало опасения по поводу возможности новой Культурной революции. Boluan Fanzheng (chinesisch 拨乱反正 / 撥亂反正), was wörtlich Chaos beseitigen und zur Normalität zurückkehren bedeutet, war eine Zeit in der Geschichte der Volksrepublik China, in welcher Deng Xiaoping ab 1977 versuchte, Fehler der von Mao Zedong ins Leben gerufenen Kulturrevolution zu korrigieren. Über einen Zeitraum von mehreren Jahren, bis etwa 1982, wurde schrittweise die mit der Kulturrevolution verbundene maoistische Politik revidiert, Millionen von Opfern der Kulturrevolution rehabilitiert und verschiedene gesellschaftspolitische Reformen eingeleitet. Die Boluan-Fanzheng-Politik bildete die Grundlage für die folgende Reform- und Öffnungspolitik ab Dezember 1978. Nach den Pekinger Studentenprotesten und deren blutiger Niederschlagung im Sommer 1989 wurden einige der während der Boluan-Fanzheng-Zeit durchgeführten Reformen von Deng und seinen Nachfolgern schrittweise rückgängig gemacht. Boluan Fanzheng (撥亂反正T, 拨乱反正S, Bōluàn FǎnzhèngP), che letteralmente significa "eliminare il caos e tornare alla normalità", è stato un periodo di transizione nella storia della Repubblica Popolare Cinese. Durante questo periodo, Deng Xiaoping, allora leader supremo della Cina, guidò un programma di vasta portata nel tentativo di correggere gli errori della Rivoluzione Culturale lanciata da Mao Zedong. Il programma ha gradualmente smantellato le politiche maoiste associate alla Rivoluzione Culturale, riabilitato milioni di vittime perseguitate durante la Rivoluzione, avviato varie riforme sociopolitiche e riportato l'ordine nel paese in modo sistematico. Il periodo Boluan Fanzheng è considerato un importante periodo di transizione nella storia moderna della Cina, che è servito come base dello storico programma "Riforma e apertura" a partire dal 18 dicembre 1978. Dopo la fine della Rivoluzione Culturale nel 1976, Deng Xiaoping propose per la prima volta l'idea di "Boluan Fanzheng" nel settembre 1977. Con l'aiuto dei suoi alleati come Hu Yaobang, che in seguito divenne Segretario Generale del Partito Comunista Cinese (PCC), Deng fu in grado di lanciare il programma di Boluan Fanzheng ed emerse come il leader supremo de facto della Cina nel dicembre 1978 (durante la 3ª Sessione Plenaria dell'11 ° Comitato Centrale del PCC). Il periodo Boluan Fanzheng è durato fino all'inizio degli anni '80, dopodiché l'obiettivo principale del PCC e del governo cinese è passato dalle "lotte di classe" alla "costruzione economica" e alla "modernizzazione". Tuttavia, il periodo Boluan Fanzheng ha visto anche molte controversie, come le opinioni in disaccordo su Mao Zedong, l'inclusione dei "quattro principi cardinali" nella Costituzione cinese al fine di mantenere lo stato monopartitico in Cina, e le controversie legali che molti dei leader e degli autori dei massacri della Rivoluzione Culturale hanno ricevuto poche o nessuna punizione. Il Partito Comunista non ha completamente declassificato i documenti relativi alla Rivoluzione Culturale e ha limitato gli studi accademici e le discussioni pubbliche sulla Rivoluzione all'interno della società cinese. Inoltre, dopo che Xi Jinping è diventato Segretario generale del PCC nel 2012, alcune delle riforme fatte durante il periodo Boluan Fanzheng sono state gradualmente invertite, innescando preoccupazioni per una nuova Rivoluzione Culturale. Boluan Fanzheng (chinois simplifié : 拨乱反正 ; chinois traditionnel : 撥亂反正), qui signifie littéralement « éliminer le chaos et revenir à la normale », a été une période de transition importante dans l'histoire de la république populaire de Chine, pendant laquelle Deng Xiaoping, le chef suprême de la Chine à l'époque, a dirigé un programme pour réparer les dommages causés par la révolution culturelle lancée par Mao Zedong. Le programme « Boluan Fanzheng » a progressivement démantelé les politiques maoïstes associées à la Révolution culturelle, réhabilité des millions de victimes persécutées pendant la Révolution, lancé de diverses réformes sociopolitiques et ramené le pays à l'ordre de manière systématique. Le programme a constitué le fondement du programme historique « Réforme et ouverture » lancé en décembre 1978. Deng a pu lancer le programme de Boluan Fanzheng avec l'aide de ses alliés tels que Hu Yaobang, qui est devenu plus tard le secrétaire général du Parti communiste chinois (PCC). En décembre 1978, lors de la 3e session plénière du 11e Comité central du PCC, Deng est devenu le chef suprême de la Chine. La période de Boluan Fanzheng a duré jusqu'au début des années 1980, après quoi l'objectif principal du PCC et du gouvernement chinois est passé de « luttes de classe » à « construction économique » et « modernisation ».
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