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dbr:History_of_Australia_(1788–1850)
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Colonizzazione dell'Australia История Австралии (1788—1850) History of Australia (1788–1850) Colonização da Austrália تاريخ أستراليا (1788-1850)
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История Австралии с 1788 по 1850 года покрывает ранний колониальный период Австралии, со времени прибытия Первого флота в Сидней, Новый Южный Уэльс, где была основана исправительная колония, Австралии, создание других австралийских колоний и становление представительского демократического правительства. The history of Australia from 1788 to 1850 covers the early British colonial period of Australia's history. This started with the arrival in 1788 of the First Fleet of British ships at Port Jackson on the lands of the Eora, and the establishment of the penal colony of New South Wales as part of the British Empire. It further covers the European scientific exploration of the continent and the establishment of the other Australian colonies that make up the modern states of Australia. يغطي تاريخ أستراليا بين عامي 1788-1850 الفترة الاستعمارية المبكرة للتاريخ الأسترالي، بدايةً من وصول أسطول السفن البريطاني الأول إلى سيدني بنيو ساوث ويلز عام 1788، الذي أسس المستعمرة العقابية، وحتى الاستكشافات العلمية للقارة، وتأسيس مستعمرات أسترالية أخرى لاحقًا. خلق الاستعمار الأوروبي مجتمعًا مهيمنًا جديدًا في أستراليا مكان السكان الأصليين الأستراليين الموجودين مسبقًا. كتب روبرت هوز في كتابه «الشاطئ المميت»، الذي يحكي قصة ولادة أستراليا، ما يلي: «في زمن الغزو السلمي، كان الناس يعيشون في أستراليا منذ مدة لا تقل عن 30,000 عام». La colonizzazione dell'Australia da parte delle popolazioni europee iniziò nel 1787 con l'arrivo della Prima Flotta di navi britanniche nel Nuovo Galles del Sud. Questa spedizione stabilì una colonia penale nella zona dell'attuale Sydney e avviò una serie di esplorazioni del continente, fornendo la base per successive colonie. La colonizzazione europea creò rapidamente una nuova società dominante sull'isola, sostituendo le popolazioni autoctone di australiani aborigeni e segnando la fine del loro periodo preistorico.
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The history of Australia from 1788 to 1850 covers the early British colonial period of Australia's history. This started with the arrival in 1788 of the First Fleet of British ships at Port Jackson on the lands of the Eora, and the establishment of the penal colony of New South Wales as part of the British Empire. It further covers the European scientific exploration of the continent and the establishment of the other Australian colonies that make up the modern states of Australia. After several years of privation, the penal colony gradually expanded and developed an economy based on farming, fishing, whaling, trade with incoming ships, and construction using convict labour. By 1820, however, British settlement was largely confined to a 100 kilometre radius around Sydney and to the central plain of Van Diemen's land. From 1816 penal transportation to Australia increased rapidly and the number of free settlers grew steadily. Van Diemen's Land became a separate colony in 1825, and free settlements were established at the Swan River Colony in Western Australia (1829), the Province of South Australia (1836), and in the Port Philip District (1836). The grazing of cattle and sheep expanded inland, leading to increasing conflict with Aboriginal people on their traditional lands. The growing population of free settlers, former convicts and Australian-born currency lads and lasses led to public demands for representative government. Penal transportation to New South Wales ended in 1840 and a semi-elected Legislative Council was established in 1842. In 1850 Britain granted Van Diemen's Land, South Australia and the newly-created colony of Victoria semi-representative Legislative Councils. British settlement led to a decline in the Aboriginal population and the disruption of their cultures due to introduced diseases, violent conflict and dispossession of their traditional lands. Aboriginal resistance to British encroachment on their land often led to reprisals from settlers including massacres of Aboriginal people. Many Aboriginal people, however, sought an accommodation with the settlers and established viable communities, often on small areas of their traditional lands, where many aspects of their cultures were maintained. История Австралии с 1788 по 1850 года покрывает ранний колониальный период Австралии, со времени прибытия Первого флота в Сидней, Новый Южный Уэльс, где была основана исправительная колония, Австралии, создание других австралийских колоний и становление представительского демократического правительства. La colonizzazione dell'Australia da parte delle popolazioni europee iniziò nel 1787 con l'arrivo della Prima Flotta di navi britanniche nel Nuovo Galles del Sud. Questa spedizione stabilì una colonia penale nella zona dell'attuale Sydney e avviò una serie di esplorazioni del continente, fornendo la base per successive colonie. La colonizzazione europea creò rapidamente una nuova società dominante sull'isola, sostituendo le popolazioni autoctone di australiani aborigeni e segnando la fine del loro periodo preistorico. Fu il nobile inglese a prendere a decisione di stabilire una colonia penale in AustrialiaIl motivo principale fu la fine della possibilità di trasferire i criminali negli Stati Uniti, a causa della guerra d'indipendenza americana, insieme alla necessità di stabilire una base nel Pacifico per contrastare l'espansione francese. Nel corso di 150 anni furono deportati in Austrialia circa 50.000 detenuti.Sir Joseph Banks, lo scienziato che aveva accompagnato James Cook nella prima esplorazione del 1770, consigliò Botany Bay come luogo per il primo insediamento. La prima flotta era composta da 11 navi e trasportava 1530 persone, fra cui 736 detenuti; pochi giorni dopo l'arrivo a Botany Bay la colonia fu spostata a Port Jackson, dove fu proclamata la fondazione del nuovo insediamento il 26 gennaio 1788, giorno che in seguito diventerà l'Australia Day. Dal 1793 iniziarono ad arrivare a Sydney anche coloni liberi. La reazione degli aborigeni all'arrivo dei colonozzatori fu di vario tipo, ma più frequentemente improntata a ostilità, a causa della competizione creata per le risorse naturali e per l'occupazione forzosa dei territori; inoltre, le malattie portate dagli europei decimarono la popolazione nativa. Nessun contratto fu firmato dagli aborigeni con gli inglesi per la colonia di Sydney. يغطي تاريخ أستراليا بين عامي 1788-1850 الفترة الاستعمارية المبكرة للتاريخ الأسترالي، بدايةً من وصول أسطول السفن البريطاني الأول إلى سيدني بنيو ساوث ويلز عام 1788، الذي أسس المستعمرة العقابية، وحتى الاستكشافات العلمية للقارة، وتأسيس مستعمرات أسترالية أخرى لاحقًا. خلق الاستعمار الأوروبي مجتمعًا مهيمنًا جديدًا في أستراليا مكان السكان الأصليين الأستراليين الموجودين مسبقًا. كتب روبرت هوز في كتابه «الشاطئ المميت»، الذي يحكي قصة ولادة أستراليا، ما يلي: «في زمن الغزو السلمي، كان الناس يعيشون في أستراليا منذ مدة لا تقل عن 30,000 عام». صاغ التاريخ الاستعماري لأستراليا، منذ الوصول البريطاني عام 1788، كل من تاريخ البلاد منذ ذلك الوقت، والتطور الحالي للدولة، وساعد في أن يُنظر للاقتصاد على أنه قوي في «الشمال» العالمي ويملك تجارة اقتصادية قوية مع جميع الدول الأخرى في جميع أنحاء العالم.
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