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Histoire du Tamil Nadu Historia de Tamil Nadu History of Tamil Nadu
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The region of Tamil Nadu in the southeast of modern India, shows evidence of having had continuous human habitation from 15,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE. Throughout its history, spanning the early Upper Paleolithic age to modern times, this region has coexisted with various external cultures. La historia de Tamil Nadu en la moderna India y la civilización del pueblo tamil se encuentran entre las más antiguas del mundo, ya que la región de Tamil Nadu ha estado continuamente habitada desde tiempos prehistóricos. A lo largo de su historia que se extiende desde el Paleolítico hasta los tiempos modernos, esta región ha coexistido con varias culturas externas. Con excepción de períodos relativamente cortos en su historia, la región de Tamil Nadu ha permanecido independiente de ocupación externa. Le territoire du Tamil Nadu en Inde est occupé par l'homme depuis les périodes préhistoriques les plus reculées, et l'histoire du Tamil Nadu et de son peuple, le peuple Tamoul, est l'une des plus anciennes au monde. Durant toute son histoire, des débuts de l'ère paléolithique à nos époques modernes, cette région a abrité des cultures différentes aux origines diverses. Excepté pour quelques périodes relativement courtes, elle est toujours restée indépendante. * Portail du monde indien
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La historia de Tamil Nadu en la moderna India y la civilización del pueblo tamil se encuentran entre las más antiguas del mundo, ya que la región de Tamil Nadu ha estado continuamente habitada desde tiempos prehistóricos. A lo largo de su historia que se extiende desde el Paleolítico hasta los tiempos modernos, esta región ha coexistido con varias culturas externas. Con excepción de períodos relativamente cortos en su historia, la región de Tamil Nadu ha permanecido independiente de ocupación externa. Los cuatro imperios tamiles antiguos de Chera, Chola, Pandya y Pallava gobernaron sobre este territorio con una cultura y lengua única, contribuyendo al crecimiento de una de las literaturas más antiguas existentes en el mundo. Tuvieron contactos marítimos y comerciales extensos con el imperio romano. Estas tres dinastías estuvieron en constante lucha entre sí, rivalizando por la hegemonía sobre la región. La invasión de los durante el siglo III trastornó el orden tradicional del territorio al desplazar a los tres reinos gobernantes. Estos ocupantes fueron derrocados por el resurgimiento de los pandyas y de los pallavas, quienes restauraron los reinos tradicionales. Los cholas, que resurgieron de la sombra en el siglo IX para derrotar a los pallavas y los pandyas, se alzaron hasta convertirse en una gran potencia y extendieron su imperio sobre todo el sur de la península. En su apogeo, el imperio chola abarcó casi 250 millones de acres (un millón de km²) sobre la bahía de Bengala. La armada chola mantuvo una influencia sobre el reino Srivijaya en el Sureste Asiático. Los rápidos cambios en la situación política del resto de la India, debido a las desde el noroeste, marcaron un punto de quiebre en la historia de Tamil Nadu. Con el declive de las tres antiguas dinastías durante el siglo XIV, el país tamil se convirtió en parte del Imperio Vijayanagara. Bajo este imperio, los gobernantes de habla telugú dominaron la región tamil. La breve aparición de los Marathas proporcionó espacio para las compañías comerciales europeas, que empezaron a surgir durante el siglo XVII y, eventualmente, asumieron un gran influjo sobre los gobernantes indígenas del territorio. La Presidencia Madras, que comprendió la mayor parte del sur de la India, fue creada en el siglo XVIII y fue gobernada directamente por la Compañía Británica de las Indias Orientales. Tras la independencia de la India, el Estado de Tamil Nadu fue creado sobre la base de sus fronteras lingüísticas. Entre finales de los años 1750 y principios de los 60, en el sur del estado, el Imperio británico impuso una serie de impuestos que condujeron a conflictos entre la Compañía de las Indias y Palaiyakkarar, que dieron lugar a una serie de guerras llamadas guerras de Poligar y que establecieron posteriormente estados independientes.​ The region of Tamil Nadu in the southeast of modern India, shows evidence of having had continuous human habitation from 15,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE. Throughout its history, spanning the early Upper Paleolithic age to modern times, this region has coexisted with various external cultures. The three ancient Tamil dynasties namely Chera, Chola, and Pandya were of ancient origins. Together they ruled over this land with a unique culture and language, contributing to the growth of some of the oldest extant literature in the world. These three dynasties were in constant struggle with each other vying for hegemony over the land. Invasion by the Kalabhras during the 3rd century disturbed the traditional order of the land, displacing the three ruling kingdoms. These occupiers were overthrown by the resurgence of the Pandyas and the Pallavas, who restored the traditional kingdoms. The Cholas who re-emerged from obscurity in the 9th century by defeating the Pallavas and the Pandyas rose to become a great power and extended their empire over the entire southern peninsula. At its height the Chola empire spanned almost 3,600,000 km² (1,389,968 sq mi) straddling the Bay of Bengal. The Chola navy held sway over the Sri Vijaya kingdom in Southeast Asia. Rapid changes in the political situation of the rest of India occurred due to incursions of Muslim armies from the northwest and the decline of the three ancient dynasties during the 14th century, The Madras Presidency, comprising most of southern India, was created in the 18th century and was ruled directly by the British. After the independence of India, after the Telugu and Malayalam parts of Madras state were separated from Tamilagam state in 1956, it was renamed as Tamil Nadu on by the state government. Le territoire du Tamil Nadu en Inde est occupé par l'homme depuis les périodes préhistoriques les plus reculées, et l'histoire du Tamil Nadu et de son peuple, le peuple Tamoul, est l'une des plus anciennes au monde. Durant toute son histoire, des débuts de l'ère paléolithique à nos époques modernes, cette région a abrité des cultures différentes aux origines diverses. Excepté pour quelques périodes relativement courtes, elle est toujours restée indépendante. Les trois dynasties tamoules, Chera, Chola et Pandya, sont des dynasties de la période antique. Ensemble, elles ont régné sur cette terre avec une culture et une langue uniques, contribuant au développement d'une des littératures les plus anciennes du monde. Elles ont entretenu des relations avec l'Empire romain grâce au commerce maritime. Elles se livrèrent à des luttes permanentes pour l'hégémonie. Au IIIe siècle, l'invasion du Tamil Nadu par une autre dynastie du sud de l'Inde, les , provoque le déplacement des trois dynasties régnantes. Ces occupants sont ensuite renversés par les dynasties Pandyas et Pallavas alors réémergentes, qui restaurent les royaumes traditionnels. La dynastie Chola, qui resurgit du néant en battant les Pallavas et les Pandyas au IXe siècle, étend son empire sur tout le sud de la péninsule. À son apogée, l'empire Chola s'étend du Bengale, au nord-est, au Sri-Lanka au sud. Sa marine militaire tient tête au royaume de Sriwijaya du Sud-Est asiatique. Les rapides changements de la situation politique du reste de l'Inde, dus aux invasions par le nord-ouest des armées musulmanes, marquent un tournant dans l'histoire du Tamil Nadu. Avec le déclin progressif des trois dynasties traditionnelles durant le XVe siècle, le territoire tamoul passe sous domination du royaume hindou de Vijayanâgara. * Portail du monde indien
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