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Pentsamendu ekonomikoaren historia Ökonomische Theoriengeschichte 経済思想史 经济思想史 경제사상사 تاريخ الفكر الاقتصادي Storia del pensiero economico Histoire de la pensée économique История экономических учений Història del pensament econòmic Dějiny ekonomického myšlení Historia myśli ekonomicznej History of economic thought Historia del pensamiento económico Історія економічної думки Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi Det ekonomiska tänkandets historia Geschiedenis van het economisch denken História do pensamento económico
rdfs:comment
تاريخ الفكر الاقتصادي هو جزء من أجزاء علم الاقتصاد ويهتم بدراسة التطورات التي حصلت في الاقتصاد خصوصا في النظرية الاقتصادية بشقيها الجزئي والكلي، بالإضافة إلى إن هذا الجزء يدرس الأفكار التي قدمها علماء الاقتصاد عبر الزمن أمثال ابن خلدون وآدم سميث وكارل ماركس وجون ماينارد كينز وديفيد ريكاردو وغيرهم. تاريخ الفكر الاقتصادي هو فرع من فروع علم الاقتصاد بحيث يهتم بدراسة التطورات والنظريات الاقتصادية اللتي بنت الاقتصاد وجعلته ما هو عليه الآن والأفكار التي قدمها علماء الاقتصاد عبر الزمنأمثال (ابن خلدون)،(آدم سميث)،(كارل ماركس)،(جون ماينارد كينز)،(دافيد ريكاردو) وغيرهم. Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi mengacu pada berbagai inovasi, revolusi dan teori tentang hal-hal yang kelak menjadi ekonomi politik dan ekonomi dari zaman dahulu sampai saat ini. Studi ini mencakup banyak yang berbeda-beda.Filsuf Yunani seperti Aristoteles membahas pemikiran tentang "seni" memperoleh kekayaan dan mempertanyakan apakah properti sebaiknya berada dalam kepemilikan swasta atau umum. Pada abad pertengahan, Thomas Aquinas menyatakan adalah suatu kewajiban moral bisnis untuk menjual barang-barang dengan . История экономических учений — наука, изучающая зарождение, становление, развитие и смену экономических концепций на всём протяжении истории общественного производства. L'histoire de la pensée économique (HPE) est l'étude de l'histoire des idées en économie. Les premiers concepts économiques se développent dans la civilisation mésopotamienne avec le développement du commerce. Le terme même d'économie est inventé dans l'antiquité grecque. Les Grecs sont aussi les premiers à rédiger des traités consacrés à l'économie (Xénophon et Aristote). C'est au XVIe siècle, avec le développement des États et l'essor du commerce que se développe la pensée économique moderne avec le mercantilisme. À cette époque, Antoine de Montchrestien invente le terme d'économie politique. ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 경제사상사 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 경제사상사(經濟思想史) 혹은 경제학설사는 고대에서부터 현대에 이르기까지 나타난 정치경제학과 경제학의 제반 사상들에 대한 역사를 다루는 학문이다. 넓게는 고대 그리스의 철학자인 아리스토텔레스의 경제와 관련한 생각에까지 소급하기도 하나 근대의 경제사상에 대하여는 고전경제학, 특히 애덤 스미스로부터 출발하여 현대에 이르는 경제 이론 및 사상을 주요 탐구 대상으로 한다. Det ekonomiska tänkandets historia (eller ekonomisk doktrinhistoria) omfattar tänkare och teoribildning inom det ekonomiska området från antiken till nutid. De äldsta skriftliga källorna till ekonomiskt tänkande som finns, en del assyriska texter, härstammar från drygt 4 000 år sedan. La storia del pensiero economico è la disciplina che si occupa dello sviluppo dell'economia politica dalle origini ai giorni nostri, con le sue varie teorie o visioni del sistema economico. In prima approssimazione, si possono individuare le seguenti fasi: Історія економічної думки має справу з різними мислителями і теоріями у напрямі, який згодом став політичною економією та економікою, від стародавнього світу до наших днів. Ця галузь поєднує чимало різних шкіл економічної думки. Давньогрецькі письменники, такі як філософ Арістотель розглядали ідеї про мистецтво накопичення багатства, і поставили під сумнів переваги приватної або державної власності. У середньовічні часи схоласти, такі як Тома Аквінський, стверджували, що моральний обов'язок підприємств продавати товари за справедливою вартістю. La història del pensament econòmic és la branca de l'economia que estudia la història dels esforços intel·lectuals per comprendre i explicar els fenòmens comuns de la naturalesa. És a dir, és la disciplina que tracta del procés cronològic del naixement, desenvolupament i canvi de les distintes idees i diferents economies en diverses societats, mostrant la contribució del pensament econòmic dominant a l'economia moderna. Dějiny ekonomického myšlení se zabývají vývojem ekonomie jako vědní disciplíny prostřednictvím a teorií utvářených po staletí ekonomickými mysliteli, jejich následovníky a ekonomickými školami.Na samém vzniku se ekonomické otázky prolínaly s náboženskými či byly součástí obecnějších úvah o společnosti.Jako samostatná vědní disciplína se ekonomie nakonec vydělila v 17. a 18. století zformulováním klasické politické ekonomie. Toto období bylo katalyzátorem pro další rozvoj nových směrů, škol a teorií, které vedly až k dnešní, tzv. moderní ekonomii, která však zdaleka není homogenním celkem a její vývoj rozhodně není uzavřen. To ilustruje následující přehled dějin a směrů ekonomického myšlení. Historia myśli ekonomicznej – dyscyplina naukowa o charakterze teoretycznym, zajmująca się badaniem i opisywaniem procesu kształtowania się poglądów ekonomicznych w ujęciu historycznym. W naukowy sposób wyjaśnia przyczyny powstawania, przenikania i zanikania poglądów, idei oraz teorii ekonomicznych, jak również krytycznie analizuje historyczny dorobek ekonomistów. The history of economic thought is the study of the philosophies of the different thinkers and theories in the subjects that later became political economy and economics, from the ancient world to the present day in the 21st century. This field encompasses many disparate schools of economic thought. Ancient Greek writers such as the philosopher Aristotle examined ideas about the art of wealth acquisition, and questioned whether property is best left in private or public hands. In the Middle Ages, Thomas Aquinas argued that it was a moral obligation of businesses to sell goods at a just price. La historia del pensamiento económico es la rama de la economía que estudia la historia de los esfuerzos intelectuales por entender y explicar los fenómenos comunes de la naturaleza. Es decir, que es la disciplina que trata el proceso cronológico del nacimiento, desarrollo y cambio de las diferentes ideas y distintas economías en diferentes sociedades, mostrando la contribución del pensamiento económico dominante a la economía moderna. Die Ökonomische Theoriengeschichte (auch: ökonomische Dogmengeschichte oder Geschichte des ökonomischen Denkens) betrachtet die Wirtschaftstheorie in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Die Wirtschaftstheorie wird ebenfalls als Volkswirtschaftstheorie oder ökonomische Theorie bezeichnet und behandelt denjenigen Teilbereich der Volkswirtschaftslehre, der sich mit grundlegenden Abläufen und Zusammenhängen volkswirtschaftlicher Art befasst. De geschiedenis van het economisch denken (ook wel de geschiedenis van de economie) betreft de ontwikkeling van de economie als wetenschappelijke discipline en gaat onder meer over de verschillende denkers en theorieën op het gebied van politieke economie en economie van de oudheid tot heden. Alhoewel de Britse filosoof Adam Smith vaak wordt gezien als de grondlegger van de economie, bouwen zijn ideeën op een substantiële hoeveelheid werk van zijn voorgangers in de 18e eeuw. Deze hebben zich op hun beurt beroepen op eeuwenoude wijsheden en het toepassen ervan op moderne omstandigheden. 经济思想史(History of economic thoughts),也称经济理论史(history of economic theory),即经济学史(history of economics),是通过对过去的发展和变迁的追溯,针对“经济对于人类意味着什么”这个根本问题进行考察的经济学分支。由於經濟學由不同學派組成,故一般經濟思想史都以不同的學派為主要分類。一些古希臘作家,例如亞里斯多德,就曾探討過分配經濟報償的學問,並思考財富究竟該由私人所掌控或者共有。中世紀的經院哲學家阿奎納則認為,生意人有以合理價格進行買賣的道德義務。 在西方文化中,經濟學直到18-19世紀的工業革命時才從哲學中獨立出來,成為一門獨立的學科,也因此在這段時間,世界的經濟成長速度大幅提升。 Pentsamendu ekonomikoaren historiak ekonomia politikoaren garapena aztertzen du, pentsamendu espezifiko honen jatorritik gaur egunera arte, sistema ekonomikoari buruzko hainbat teoria edo ikuspegi aztertuz. A história do pensamento econômico pode ser dividida, grosso modo, em três períodos: Pré-moderno (grego, romano, árabe), Moderno (mercantilismo, fisiocracia) e Contemporâneo (a partir de Adam Smith no final do século XVIII). A análise econômica sistemática tem se desenvolvido principalmente a partir do surgimento da Modernidade. 経済思想史(けいざいしそうし、英: history of economic thought)は、思想史の一種である。経済思想、すなわち経済現象をとらえる基盤となる思想や、その歴史を研究する学問分野を指す。
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Edmund Phelps, John Taylor, Janet Yellen and Huw Dixon.
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More articles related to the history of economic thought
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Історія економічної думки має справу з різними мислителями і теоріями у напрямі, який згодом став політичною економією та економікою, від стародавнього світу до наших днів. Ця галузь поєднує чимало різних шкіл економічної думки. Давньогрецькі письменники, такі як філософ Арістотель розглядали ідеї про мистецтво накопичення багатства, і поставили під сумнів переваги приватної або державної власності. У середньовічні часи схоласти, такі як Тома Аквінський, стверджували, що моральний обов'язок підприємств продавати товари за справедливою вартістю. У західному світі, економіка (економічна теорія) не була окремою дисципліною, а частиною філософії аж до промислової революції XVIII—XIX століть і Європейського економічного дива (Великої дивергенції) XIX століття, які прискорили економічне зростання. 経済思想史(けいざいしそうし、英: history of economic thought)は、思想史の一種である。経済思想、すなわち経済現象をとらえる基盤となる思想や、その歴史を研究する学問分野を指す。 La història del pensament econòmic és la branca de l'economia que estudia la història dels esforços intel·lectuals per comprendre i explicar els fenòmens comuns de la naturalesa. És a dir, és la disciplina que tracta del procés cronològic del naixement, desenvolupament i canvi de les distintes idees i diferents economies en diverses societats, mostrant la contribució del pensament econòmic dominant a l'economia moderna. ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 경제사상사 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 경제사상사(經濟思想史) 혹은 경제학설사는 고대에서부터 현대에 이르기까지 나타난 정치경제학과 경제학의 제반 사상들에 대한 역사를 다루는 학문이다. 넓게는 고대 그리스의 철학자인 아리스토텔레스의 경제와 관련한 생각에까지 소급하기도 하나 근대의 경제사상에 대하여는 고전경제학, 특히 애덤 스미스로부터 출발하여 현대에 이르는 경제 이론 및 사상을 주요 탐구 대상으로 한다. Det ekonomiska tänkandets historia (eller ekonomisk doktrinhistoria) omfattar tänkare och teoribildning inom det ekonomiska området från antiken till nutid. De äldsta skriftliga källorna till ekonomiskt tänkande som finns, en del assyriska texter, härstammar från drygt 4 000 år sedan. I Västerlandet hade kristendomen ett inflytande även på den ekonomiska sfären. Bibeln förbjuder upptagande av ränta och innehåller passager med strikta regler angående arbetsmoral. Bibeln skulle komma att ha en långvarig inverkan på det ekonomiska tänkandet; skolastikerna stödde sig på Bibeln som den slutgiltiga och ovedersägliga källan till rätt och fel inom ekonomin under medeltiden. Under 1500- och 1600-talen luckrades skolastiken gradvis upp och merkantilismen trädde in på arenan. Den var egentligen ingen sammanhållen skola i ekonomiskt tänkande men senare historiker identifierade en rad karaktäriserande drag för perioden och benämnde dessa "merkantilism". Merkantilismen kännetecknades framför allt av en förskjutning av etiska frågeställningar rörande rättvisa inom ekonomin till förmån för materiella framsteg. Med den skotske filosofen Adam Smith kom nationalekonomin mot slutet av 1700-talet att bli ett akademiskt ämne och förändrades i sina grundvalar. Smiths Nationernas välstånd lade grunden till nationalekonomin varifrån senare tänkare utgick. Smith hade dels efterträdare som främst sökte utveckla hans egna tankebanor, men även kritiker som presenterade radikalt annorlunda teorier. Bland dessa återfinns den tyske ekonomikritikern och filosofen Karl Marx som i sitt huvudverk Kapitalet. Kritik av den politiska ekonomin lade fram sin egen ekonomikritik gällande det historiskt specifika, kapitalistiska produktionssättet. Den moderna nationalekonomin såg sin gryning under 1870-talet då den neoklassiska skolan grundades. Under 1900-talet har det ekonomiska tänkandet karaktäriserats av ökad specialisering. Bland historiska och aktuella ekonomiska skolor märks keynesianism, Stockholmsskolan, institutionalism, monetarism och den österrikiska skolan. Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi mengacu pada berbagai inovasi, revolusi dan teori tentang hal-hal yang kelak menjadi ekonomi politik dan ekonomi dari zaman dahulu sampai saat ini. Studi ini mencakup banyak yang berbeda-beda.Filsuf Yunani seperti Aristoteles membahas pemikiran tentang "seni" memperoleh kekayaan dan mempertanyakan apakah properti sebaiknya berada dalam kepemilikan swasta atau umum. Pada abad pertengahan, Thomas Aquinas menyatakan adalah suatu kewajiban moral bisnis untuk menjual barang-barang dengan . Filsuf Britania, Adam Smith, sering disebut-sebut sebagai karena -nya The Wealth of Nations (1776). Pemikirannya dibuat berdasarkan berbagai karya dari pendahulunya pada abad ke-18, terutama pada . Bukunya muncul pada malam Revolusi Industri dengan perubahan-perubahan besar dalam dunia ekonomi. Penerus Smith meliputi para pakar ekonomi klasik seperti Rev. Thomas Malthus, Jean-Baptiste Say, David Ricardo, dan John Stuart Mill. Mereka menguji cara kelas bawah, kapitalis dan buruh memproduksi dan mendistribusikan penghasilan negara dan efek populasi dan perdagangan internasional. Di London, Karl Marx mengkritik sistem kapitalis yang ia anggap eksploitatif dan mengasingkan pihak lain. Sejak 1870, ekonomi neoklasik berusaha menciptakan bidang studi yang lebih positif, matematis dan ilmiah daripada politik normatif. Setelah peperangan pada awal abad ke-20, John Maynard Keynes memimpin reaksi melawan dari urusan-urusan ekonomi dan menganjurkan kebijakan fiskal intervensionis untuk mendorong permintaan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Dengan dunia dibagi antara dunia pertama yang kapitalis, dunia kedua yang komunis, dan dunia ketiga yang miskin, mulai hilang. Para ahli seperti Milton Friedman dan Friedrich von Hayek memperingatkan dan sosialisme serta memfokuskan teori mereka terhadap hal-hal yang dapat diperoleh melalui kebijakan moneter dan deregulasi yang lebih baik. Karena kebijakan gagal pada 1970-an, muncullah kelompok Klasik Baru, dengan pencetus teori utama seperti dan Edward Prescott. Kebijakan ekonomi pemerintah sejak 1980-an ditantang dan pakar ekonomi pembangunan seperti Amartya Sen dan pakar ekonomi informasi seperti Joseph Stiglitz memperkenalkan ide-ide baru terhadap pemikiran ekonomi pada abad ke-21. Die Ökonomische Theoriengeschichte (auch: ökonomische Dogmengeschichte oder Geschichte des ökonomischen Denkens) betrachtet die Wirtschaftstheorie in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Die Wirtschaftstheorie wird ebenfalls als Volkswirtschaftstheorie oder ökonomische Theorie bezeichnet und behandelt denjenigen Teilbereich der Volkswirtschaftslehre, der sich mit grundlegenden Abläufen und Zusammenhängen volkswirtschaftlicher Art befasst. A história do pensamento econômico pode ser dividida, grosso modo, em três períodos: Pré-moderno (grego, romano, árabe), Moderno (mercantilismo, fisiocracia) e Contemporâneo (a partir de Adam Smith no final do século XVIII). A análise econômica sistemática tem se desenvolvido principalmente a partir do surgimento da Modernidade. Historia myśli ekonomicznej – dyscyplina naukowa o charakterze teoretycznym, zajmująca się badaniem i opisywaniem procesu kształtowania się poglądów ekonomicznych w ujęciu historycznym. W naukowy sposób wyjaśnia przyczyny powstawania, przenikania i zanikania poglądów, idei oraz teorii ekonomicznych, jak również krytycznie analizuje historyczny dorobek ekonomistów. Pentsamendu ekonomikoaren historiak ekonomia politikoaren garapena aztertzen du, pentsamendu espezifiko honen jatorritik gaur egunera arte, sistema ekonomikoari buruzko hainbat teoria edo ikuspegi aztertuz. История экономических учений — наука, изучающая зарождение, становление, развитие и смену экономических концепций на всём протяжении истории общественного производства. The history of economic thought is the study of the philosophies of the different thinkers and theories in the subjects that later became political economy and economics, from the ancient world to the present day in the 21st century. This field encompasses many disparate schools of economic thought. Ancient Greek writers such as the philosopher Aristotle examined ideas about the art of wealth acquisition, and questioned whether property is best left in private or public hands. In the Middle Ages, Thomas Aquinas argued that it was a moral obligation of businesses to sell goods at a just price. In the Western world, economics was not a separate discipline, but part of philosophy until the 18th–19th century Industrial Revolution and the 19th century Great Divergence, which accelerated economic growth in The World. De geschiedenis van het economisch denken (ook wel de geschiedenis van de economie) betreft de ontwikkeling van de economie als wetenschappelijke discipline en gaat onder meer over de verschillende denkers en theorieën op het gebied van politieke economie en economie van de oudheid tot heden. Alhoewel de Britse filosoof Adam Smith vaak wordt gezien als de grondlegger van de economie, bouwen zijn ideeën op een substantiële hoeveelheid werk van zijn voorgangers in de 18e eeuw. Deze hebben zich op hun beurt beroepen op eeuwenoude wijsheden en het toepassen ervan op moderne omstandigheden. La storia del pensiero economico è la disciplina che si occupa dello sviluppo dell'economia politica dalle origini ai giorni nostri, con le sue varie teorie o visioni del sistema economico. In prima approssimazione, si possono individuare le seguenti fasi: * antichità classica (soprattutto nella Grecia antica) e Medioevo; * la formazione degli stati nazionali e la nascita dell'economia politica in senso moderno; * la rivoluzione industriale e l'economia classica; * l'affermazione dell'economia di mercato e l'economia neoclassica; * la Grande depressione del 1929 e l'economia keynesiana; approfondimenti e nuove proposte; * la stagflazione e il monetarismo; * sviluppi recenti. Gli storici del pensiero economico valutano in modi diversi sia le singole scuole, sia il loro succedersi. Vi è un punto di vista "cumulativo", secondo il quale si è avuto e continua un progressivo avvicinamento alla verità e, pertanto, la storia del pensiero economico deve essere «storia delle verità economiche».Vi è anche un punto di vista "competitivo", secondo il quale l'esistenza di diverse scuole mostra che sono possibili approcci diversi allo studio dei fenomeni economici, nessuno dei quali nettamente preferibile agli altri.Qualsiasi teoria economica, quindi, può essere criticata o perché migliorata da altre successive, o perché basata su un approccio non condiviso da altre. La sintetica esposizione che segue è ricca di riferimenti ad altre voci, alle quali si rinvia per approfondimenti e valutazioni critiche. Le varie correnti di pensiero della storia economica hanno influenzato profondamente le relative politiche economiche adottate dai vari Stati nazionali nel corso della storia moderna e contemporanea. تاريخ الفكر الاقتصادي هو جزء من أجزاء علم الاقتصاد ويهتم بدراسة التطورات التي حصلت في الاقتصاد خصوصا في النظرية الاقتصادية بشقيها الجزئي والكلي، بالإضافة إلى إن هذا الجزء يدرس الأفكار التي قدمها علماء الاقتصاد عبر الزمن أمثال ابن خلدون وآدم سميث وكارل ماركس وجون ماينارد كينز وديفيد ريكاردو وغيرهم. تاريخ الفكر الاقتصادي هو فرع من فروع علم الاقتصاد بحيث يهتم بدراسة التطورات والنظريات الاقتصادية اللتي بنت الاقتصاد وجعلته ما هو عليه الآن والأفكار التي قدمها علماء الاقتصاد عبر الزمنأمثال (ابن خلدون)،(آدم سميث)،(كارل ماركس)،(جون ماينارد كينز)،(دافيد ريكاردو) وغيرهم. يتعامل تاريخ الفكر الاقتصادي مع المفكرين ومع مختلف النظريات في هذا الموضوع الذي أصبح يعرف بالاقتصاد السياسي أو اقتصاديات السياسة منذ القدم إلى يومنا هذا، إنه يشمل العديد منالمدارس المختلفة للفكر الاقتصادي. الكتاب اليونانيون القدامى كالفيلسوف (أرسطو) مثلا قام بدراسة وتحليل الأفكار المتعلقة بفن اكتساب الثروة وتساءل عما إذا كان من الأفضل أن تُترك الملكية في أيدي القطاع الخاص أو العام. في العصور الوسطى، جادل علماء المذاهب مثل (توما الأكويني) أنه من الالتزام الأخلاقي للشركات أن تبيع السلع بسعر عادل. منذ العصور الوسطى، كان الاقتصاد يتطوّر تقريبا بشكل حصري في الغرب حتى القرن 20. الفيلسوف الإسكتلندي (آدم سميث) غالبا ما أُشير إليه بأنه «أب الاقتصاد الحديث» نسبة لأطروحتة «ثروة الأمم (1776)» حيث كانت أفكاره مبنية على مجموعة كبيرة من العمل الجسماني من أسلافه فيالقرن الثامن عشر، وأيضا كانت مبنية بصفة خاصة من المذهب الطبيعي، وظهر كتابه عشية الثورة الصناعية، مُقترنا بذلك مع تغيرات كبيرة في الاقتصاد. Dějiny ekonomického myšlení se zabývají vývojem ekonomie jako vědní disciplíny prostřednictvím a teorií utvářených po staletí ekonomickými mysliteli, jejich následovníky a ekonomickými školami.Na samém vzniku se ekonomické otázky prolínaly s náboženskými či byly součástí obecnějších úvah o společnosti.Jako samostatná vědní disciplína se ekonomie nakonec vydělila v 17. a 18. století zformulováním klasické politické ekonomie. Toto období bylo katalyzátorem pro další rozvoj nových směrů, škol a teorií, které vedly až k dnešní, tzv. moderní ekonomii, která však zdaleka není homogenním celkem a její vývoj rozhodně není uzavřen. To ilustruje následující přehled dějin a směrů ekonomického myšlení. 经济思想史(History of economic thoughts),也称经济理论史(history of economic theory),即经济学史(history of economics),是通过对过去的发展和变迁的追溯,针对“经济对于人类意味着什么”这个根本问题进行考察的经济学分支。由於經濟學由不同學派組成,故一般經濟思想史都以不同的學派為主要分類。一些古希臘作家,例如亞里斯多德,就曾探討過分配經濟報償的學問,並思考財富究竟該由私人所掌控或者共有。中世紀的經院哲學家阿奎納則認為,生意人有以合理價格進行買賣的道德義務。 在西方文化中,經濟學直到18-19世紀的工業革命時才從哲學中獨立出來,成為一門獨立的學科,也因此在這段時間,世界的經濟成長速度大幅提升。 La historia del pensamiento económico es la rama de la economía que estudia la historia de los esfuerzos intelectuales por entender y explicar los fenómenos comunes de la naturaleza. Es decir, que es la disciplina que trata el proceso cronológico del nacimiento, desarrollo y cambio de las diferentes ideas y distintas economías en diferentes sociedades, mostrando la contribución del pensamiento económico dominante a la economía moderna. L'histoire de la pensée économique (HPE) est l'étude de l'histoire des idées en économie. Les premiers concepts économiques se développent dans la civilisation mésopotamienne avec le développement du commerce. Le terme même d'économie est inventé dans l'antiquité grecque. Les Grecs sont aussi les premiers à rédiger des traités consacrés à l'économie (Xénophon et Aristote). C'est au XVIe siècle, avec le développement des États et l'essor du commerce que se développe la pensée économique moderne avec le mercantilisme. À cette époque, Antoine de Montchrestien invente le terme d'économie politique. Au XVIIIe siècle, l'ouvrage d'Adam Smith, (1776), constitue le fondement de la pensée économique classique.
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