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Statements

Subject Item
dbr:History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)
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민주당 (미국)의 역사 تاريخ الحزب الديمقراطي للولايات المتحدة Histoire du Parti démocrate アメリカ合衆国民主党の歴史 History of the Democratic Party (United States)
rdfs:comment
민주당은 공화당과 함께 미국의 주요 양대 정당이자, 현재 세계에서 가장 오래된 정당이다. 1828년에 앤드루 잭슨이 자신의 지지자들을 민주공화당에서 데려와 창당된 후, 민주당은 약 200년 동안 우드로 윌슨, 프랭클린 D. 루스벨트, 존 F. 케네디 등 15명의 대통령을 배출하였다. 이사이 민주당은 이념적으로는 보수주의에서 진보주의로, 지지 기반은 남부 지역에서 북동부와 태평양 연안 지역으로 변화하였다. 특히 민주당은 루스벨트 정부를 거치면서 복지 증진과 소득 재분배, 시민권 보장 정책 등을 중시하면서 노동조합과 여성, 소수인종 등의 지지를 받고 있다. 이 문서는 1828년 창당 이후로의 민주당의 전반적 역사를 다룬다. The Democratic Party is one of the two major political parties of the United States political system and the oldest existing political party in that country founded in the 1830s and 1840s.It is also the oldest voter-based political party in the world. The party has changed significantly during its nearly two centuries of existence. الحزب الديمقراطي (بالإنجليزية: Democratic Party)‏ هو أقدم حزب سياسي قائم على نظام الاقتراع في العالم، وأقدم حزب سياسي موجود في الولايات المتحدة. يعود تأسيسه إلى مناهضي الفيدرالية وحزب الديمقراطية الجيفرسونية في التسعينيات من القرن 17. دعا الحزب الديمقراطي الأول، المعروف باسم حزب «الرجل العادي»، إلى مناصرة الحقوق الفردية وسيادة الدولة، ومعارضة سياسة البنوك ونظام الرق. أثناء نشوء الحزب الثاني (من عام 1832 إلى منتصف عام 1850) تحت حكم كل من الرؤساء أندرو جاكسون ومارتن فان بيورين وجيمس نوكس بوك، عارض الديمقراطيون حزب اليمين بهوامش ضيقة. アメリカ合衆国民主党の歴史では、アメリカ合衆国の民主党の歴史について述べる。民主党は、合衆国における現存最古の政党であり、また草の根運動による政党としても世界最古とされる。 民主党は民主共和党の派閥を前身として1830年代に形を成し、1832年から1850年代中盤までの第二政党制時代には、対立するホイッグ党をほぼ常に僅差で制し、アメリカ政治を主導した。農民、都市労働者、新移民を支持基盤とし、主要政策としては、マニフェスト・デスティニーを掲げて西部開拓を主張し、全ての白人間の平等を唱え、連邦銀行の設置に反対した。この時期の主要な指導者として、アンドリュー・ジャクソン、マーティン・ヴァン・ビューレン、ジェームズ・K・ポークの歴代大統領や、スティーブン・ダグラス上院議員等がいる。 1960年代半ば以降は、公民権運動の高まりやベトナム戦争の泥沼化を受けて民主党内は混乱し、共和党優位の時代に移った。議会では1994年まで民主党が下院をほとんど支配し、上院もたびたび掌握したが、大統領選挙では、ウォーターゲート事件の影響で1976年にジミー・カーターが当選した以外は、共和党政権が続き、特に1980年代はレーガン人気に苦しめられ、中道化への道を模索することになった。 L'histoire du Parti démocrate américain s'étend sur près de deux siècles. Créé dans les années 1830, le Parti démocrate est l'un des plus anciens partis politiques au monde encore en activité.
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Democratic Party
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Democratic Party
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アメリカ合衆国民主党の歴史では、アメリカ合衆国の民主党の歴史について述べる。民主党は、合衆国における現存最古の政党であり、また草の根運動による政党としても世界最古とされる。 民主党は民主共和党の派閥を前身として1830年代に形を成し、1832年から1850年代中盤までの第二政党制時代には、対立するホイッグ党をほぼ常に僅差で制し、アメリカ政治を主導した。農民、都市労働者、新移民を支持基盤とし、主要政策としては、マニフェスト・デスティニーを掲げて西部開拓を主張し、全ての白人間の平等を唱え、連邦銀行の設置に反対した。この時期の主要な指導者として、アンドリュー・ジャクソン、マーティン・ヴァン・ビューレン、ジェームズ・K・ポークの歴代大統領や、スティーブン・ダグラス上院議員等がいる。 奴隷制をめぐる対立が激化し、反奴隷制を掲げて共和党が結党された後、1860年から1932年にかけては共和党優位の時代となった。特に南北戦争前後の民主党は弱体化し、一時期は南部の地域政党の様相を呈した。その後、東部の企業の権益を代表する「」が党内の主導権を握り、1884年と1892年には民主党からグローバー・クリーブランドが大統領となるが、不況の煽りもあって、再び共和党が優勢となった。民主党内ではブルボン民主党と、南部や西部の貧しい小作農家を中心とする支持者層との間で分裂が続いた。小作農民たちは銀貨鋳造自由化、すなわちインフレを掲げて勢力を増し、1896年には党を掌握して、1896年、1900年、1908年の大統領選挙でウィリアム・ジェニングス・ブライアンを候補として指名したが、すべて敗北した。1900年から1920年の進歩主義時代には、民主党でもブライアンやウッドロウ・ウィルソンが主導して進歩主義運動が盛んとなった。共和党内の分裂にも助けられて、1912年と1916年の大統領選挙ではウィルソンが当選した。結局、南北戦争から世界恐慌までの約70年間に民主党から選出された大統領はクリーブランドとウィルソンのただ2人だけだった(他にリンカーンの副大統領から昇格したアンドリュー・ジョンソンも民主党)。同時期の議会では、大統領選に比べると共和党と競ることが多く、36回の議会選挙のうち、下院では15回で多数派を形成した(または、等、少なくとも進歩党と院内会派を形成して多数派を構成した)。ただし、上院で多数派を形成したのは5回に過ぎなかった。 1929年の世界恐慌により状況は激変し、1932年のフランクリン・D・ルーズベルトの大統領就任によって、アメリカ政治は第五政党制と呼ばれる時代に入り、経済規制に政策を転換した民主党が優位となった。民主党はリベラル勢力によるニューディール連合を形成し、この時代に民主党がホワイトハウスを明け渡したのは、第二次世界大戦の英雄として絶大な人気のあったドワイト・D・アイゼンハワー(1952年と1956年)に敗れたときだけだった。ルーズベルト以降のこの時期の主要な政治指導者として、ハリー・トルーマン、ジョン・F・ケネディ、リンドン・B・ジョンソンの各大統領があげられ、いずれも国内政策では経済規制や社会保障、公民権運動に重きを置き、一定の成果をあげたが、主に公民権運動推進が引き金となって、旧来の地盤であった南部保守層やカトリック層は民主党から離れていった。 1960年代半ば以降は、公民権運動の高まりやベトナム戦争の泥沼化を受けて民主党内は混乱し、共和党優位の時代に移った。議会では1994年まで民主党が下院をほとんど支配し、上院もたびたび掌握したが、大統領選挙では、ウォーターゲート事件の影響で1976年にジミー・カーターが当選した以外は、共和党政権が続き、特に1980年代はレーガン人気に苦しめられ、中道化への道を模索することになった。 1990年代に入ると、民主党と共和党の勢力は議会でも大統領選でも拮抗し、今日に至っている。この間、民主党からはビル・クリントン(1992年と1996年)とバラク・オバマ(2008年と2012年)が大統領に選出された。 الحزب الديمقراطي (بالإنجليزية: Democratic Party)‏ هو أقدم حزب سياسي قائم على نظام الاقتراع في العالم، وأقدم حزب سياسي موجود في الولايات المتحدة. يعود تأسيسه إلى مناهضي الفيدرالية وحزب الديمقراطية الجيفرسونية في التسعينيات من القرن 17. دعا الحزب الديمقراطي الأول، المعروف باسم حزب «الرجل العادي»، إلى مناصرة الحقوق الفردية وسيادة الدولة، ومعارضة سياسة البنوك ونظام الرق. أثناء نشوء الحزب الثاني (من عام 1832 إلى منتصف عام 1850) تحت حكم كل من الرؤساء أندرو جاكسون ومارتن فان بيورين وجيمس نوكس بوك، عارض الديمقراطيون حزب اليمين بهوامش ضيقة. في الفترة ما بين عام 1860 إلى عام 1932، بدايًة من الحرب الأهلية الأميركية إلى أزمة الكساد الكبير، كان الحزب الجمهوري المُعارض، الذي نُظِّم في منتصف الخمسينيات من تحت أنقاض حزب اليمين وبعض الجماعات الأصغر منه، مُهيمناً على السياسة الرئاسية. إذ لم ينتخب الديمقراطيون سوى رئيسين طوال هذه الفترة، هما: جروفر كليفلاند (في عامي 1884 و1892) ووودرو ويلسون (في عامي 1912 و1916). على مدى تلك الفترة ذاتها، أثبت الديمقراطيون أنهم أكثر قدرة على المنافسة مع الجمهوريين في السياسة البرلمانية، إذ يتمتعون بأغلبية من أعضاء مجلس النواب (مثلما كان الأمر في الكونغرس الخامس والستين) بخمسة عشر من أصل 36 مؤتمر مُنتخب، ولو أنهم خمسة أعضاء فقط، إلا أنهم يشكلون الأغلبية في مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي. وعلاوًة على ذلك، انقسم الحزب الديمقراطي بين الديمقراطيين البوربون، الذين يمثلون مصالح تجارية شرقية؛ والعناصر الزراعية التي تضم المزارعين الفقراء في الجنوب والغرب. كان العنصر الزراعي، الذي سار خلف شعار قضية الفضة الحرة (أي لصالح التضخم الاقتصادي)، قد استولى على الحزب في عام 1896 ورشّح وليام جيننغز بريان للانتخابات الرئاسية في عام 1896 و1900 و1908، على الرغم من أنه هُزِمَ في كل مرة. كان كل من بريان وويلسون زعيمين للحركة التقدمية في الولايات المتحدة (1890 – 1920). بدءًا من الرئيس الثاني والثلاثين، فرانكلين روزفلت عام 1932، خلال فترة الكساد الكبير، سيطر الحزب على نظام الحزب الخامس، مع سياساته الليبرالية التقدمية وبرامجه مع تحالف الصفقة الجديدة لمكافحة إغلاق البنوك والكساد الاقتصادي المستمر منذ انهيار وول ستريت الشهير في عام 1929 ثم الدخول في الأزمات التي أدّت نهايًة إلى الحرب العالمية الثانية. وفي النهاية، خسر الديمقراطيون والحزب الديمقراطي البيت الأبيض وسيطرتهم على الفرع التنفيذي للحكومة بعد وفاة روزفلت في إبريل عام 1945 بالقرب من نهاية الحرب، وبعد استمرار حكومة روزفلت الثالثة لنائب الرئيس هاري إس. ترومان، عضو مجلس الشيوخ السابق من ميسوري في فترة ما بعد الحرب (1945 – 1953) وانتخابات عامي 1944 و1948. لم يُنتخب رئيس جديد للحزب الجمهوري إلا في وقت لاحق من العقد التالي في أوائل الخمسينات وهو، حاكم ولاية إلينوي، أدلاي ستيفنسون الثاني (حفيد نائب الرئيس السابق الذي يحمل نفس الاسم في التسعينيات من القرن التاسع عشر)، ثم انتُخب بطل الحرب الذي يتمتع بشعبية كبيرة والذي تولّى منصب الجنرال في الحرب العالمية الثانية، الجنرال دوايت دي. أيزنهاور (في عام 1952 وعام 1956). بوجود عائقين لفترة وجيزة منذ حقبة الكساد الكبير والحرب العالمية الثانية، سيطر الديمقراطيون بأغلبية ساحقة لأكثر من أربعة عقود على مجلس النواب في الفترة ما بين عام 1930 حتى عام 1994 وعلى مجلس الشيوخ لمعظم تلك الفترة نفسها، وانتُخب رئيس مجلس النواب ورؤساء اللجان إلى جانب مجلس الشيوخ من قادة الأغلبية في مجلس الشيوخ. كان من بين الزعماء الديمقراطيين التقدميين والليبراليين الرئيسين هاري ترومان من ميسوري (1945-1953) وليندون جونسون من تكساس (1963-1969)، على التوالي؛ والأشقاء السابقين لكينيدي، جون إف. كينيدي من ماساتشوستس (1961-1963)، والسيناتور روبرت إف. كينيدي من نيويورك والسيناتور تيد كينيدي من ماساتشوستس، الذين حملوا علم الليبرالية الأمريكية الحديثة. منذ الانتخابات الرئاسية عام 1976، فاز الديمقراطيون بخمسة من آخر 11 انتخابات رئاسية، وفي الانتخابات الرئاسية لعام 1976 (بانتخاب الرئيس جيمي كارتر من جورجيا، 1977-1981)، وانتخابات عامي 1992 و1996 (بانتخاب الرئيس بيل كلينتون من أركنساس، 1993-2001) وانتخابات عامي 2008 و2012 (بانتخاب الرئيس باراك أوباما من إلينوي، 2009–2017). فاز الديمقراطيون أيضًا بالتصويت الشعبي في عامي 2000 و2016، لكنهم خسروا الهيئة الانتخابية مع آل جور وهيلاري كلينتون، على التوالي. كانت انتخابات عامي 1876 و1888 انتخابين رئاسيين آخرين فاز فيهما الديمقراطيون بالأصوات الشعبية، لكنهم خسروا الهيئة الانتخابية (كان المرشحون الديمقراطيون هم صامويل تيلدن وجروفر كليفلاند). يجادل علماء الاجتماع ثيودور كابلو وآخرون، بأن «الحزب الديمقراطي، على الصعيد الوطني، انتقل من اليسار إلى الوسط في الأربعينات والخمسينات، ثم انتقل نحو الوسط اليميني في السبعينيات والثمانينيات». The Democratic Party is one of the two major political parties of the United States political system and the oldest existing political party in that country founded in the 1830s and 1840s.It is also the oldest voter-based political party in the world. The party has changed significantly during its nearly two centuries of existence. Known as the party of the "common man," the early Democratic Party stood for individual rights and state sovereignty, and opposed banks and high tariffs. In the first decades of its existence, from 1832 to the mid-1850s (known as the Second Party System), under Presidents Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren and James K. Polk, the Democrats usually bested the opposition Whig Party by narrow margins. Before the American Civil War the party supported or tolerated slavery; and after the war until the Great Depression the party opposed civil rights reforms in order to retain the support of Southern voters. During this second period (1865-1932), the opposing Republican Party, (organized in the mid-1850s from the ruins of the Whig Party and some other smaller splinter groups), was dominant in presidential politics. The Democrats elected only two Presidents during this period: Grover Cleveland (in 1884 and 1892) and Woodrow Wilson (in 1912 and 1916). Over the same period, the Democrats proved more competitive with the Republicans in Congressional politics, enjoying House of Representatives majorities (as in the 65th Congress) in 15 of the 36 Congresses elected, although only in five of these did they form the majority in the Senate. Furthermore, the Democratic Party was split between the Bourbon Democrats, representing Eastern business interests; and the agrarian elements comprising poor farmers in the South and West. The agrarian element, marching behind the slogan of free silver (i.e. in favor of inflation), captured the party in 1896 and nominated William Jennings Bryan in the 1896, 1900 and 1908 presidential elections, although he lost every time. Both Bryan and Wilson were leaders of the progressive movement in the United States (1890s–1920s) and opposed imperialistic expansion abroad while sponsoring liberal reforms at home. Starting with 32nd President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the party dominated during the Fifth Party System, which lasted from 1932 until about the 1970s. In response to the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression, the party employed liberal policies and programs with the New Deal coalition to combat financial crises and emergency bank closings, with policies continuing into World War II. The Party kept the White House after Roosevelt's death in April 1945, reelecting former Vice President Harry S. Truman in 1948. During this period, the Republican Party only elected one president (Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956) and was the minority in Congress all but twice (the exceptions being 1946 and 1952). Powerful committee chairmanships were awarded automatically on the basis of seniority, which gave power especially to long-serving Southerners. Important Democratic leaders during this time included Presidents Harry S. Truman (1945–1953), John F. Kennedy (1961–1963) and Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969). Republican Richard Nixon won the White House in 1968 and 1972, leading to the end of the New Deal era. Democrats have won six out of the last twelve presidential elections, winning in the presidential elections of 1976 (with 39th President Jimmy Carter, 1977–1981), 1992 and 1996 (with 42nd President Bill Clinton, 1993–2001), 2008 and 2012 (with 44th President Barack Obama, 2009–2017), and 2020 (with 46th President Joe Biden, 2021–present). Democrats have also won the popular vote in 2000 and 2016, but lost the Electoral College in both elections (with candidates Al Gore and Hillary Clinton, respectively). These were two of the four presidential elections in which Democrats won the popular vote but lost the Electoral College, the others being the presidential elections in 1876 and 1888. L'histoire du Parti démocrate américain s'étend sur près de deux siècles. Créé dans les années 1830, le Parti démocrate est l'un des plus anciens partis politiques au monde encore en activité. 민주당은 공화당과 함께 미국의 주요 양대 정당이자, 현재 세계에서 가장 오래된 정당이다. 1828년에 앤드루 잭슨이 자신의 지지자들을 민주공화당에서 데려와 창당된 후, 민주당은 약 200년 동안 우드로 윌슨, 프랭클린 D. 루스벨트, 존 F. 케네디 등 15명의 대통령을 배출하였다. 이사이 민주당은 이념적으로는 보수주의에서 진보주의로, 지지 기반은 남부 지역에서 북동부와 태평양 연안 지역으로 변화하였다. 특히 민주당은 루스벨트 정부를 거치면서 복지 증진과 소득 재분배, 시민권 보장 정책 등을 중시하면서 노동조합과 여성, 소수인종 등의 지지를 받고 있다. 이 문서는 1828년 창당 이후로의 민주당의 전반적 역사를 다룬다.
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wikipedia-en:History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)?oldid=1124533146&ns=0
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1828-01-01
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wikipedia-en:History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)