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Subject Item
dbr:History_of_the_Jews_in_England
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تاريخ اليهود في إنجلترا Storia degli ebrei in Inghilterra History of the Jews in England
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La storia degli ebrei in Inghilterra risale al regno di Guglielmo il Conquistatore. La prima testimonianza scritta di un insediamento ebraico nella storia dell'Inghilterra risale al 1070. Gli insediamenti continuarono fino a quando il re Edoardo I d'Inghilterra emise l'Editto di espulsione nel 1290. Gli ebrei dovettero fare i conti con stereotipi e antisemitismo in Gran Bretagna, spesso "accompagnati da germanofobia", che portò molte famiglie ad anglicizzare i loro cognomi per evitare che sembrassero troppo tedeschi. يعود أول تسجيل مكتوب عن الاستيطان اليهودي في إنجلترا إلى عام 1070. واستمرت الجالية اليهودية حتى مرسوم الملك إدوارد الأول للطرد عام 1290. بعد الطرد، لم توجد جالية يهودية علنية، واقتصر الوجود اليهودي على الأفراد الذين يمارسون اليهودية سرًا، حتى حكم أوليفر كرومويل. لم يُعِد كرومويل دخول اليهود رسميًا إلى الكومنولث الإنجليزي، بل تحددت جالية صغيرة من اليهود السفرديم الذين يعيشون في لندن سنة 1656 وسُمح لهم بالبقاء. يبلغ عدد اليهود في بريطانيا الآن نحو 275 ألف، ومعظمهم تقريبًا -أكثر من 260 ألف- في إنجلترا، التي تضم ثاني أكبر عدد من اليهود في أوروبا -بعد فرنسا- وخامس أكبر جالية يهودية في العالم. The history of the Jews in England goes back to the reign of William the Conqueror. Although it is likely that there had been some Jewish presence in the Roman period, there is no definitive evidence, and no reason to suppose that there was any community during Anglo-Saxon times. The first written record of Jewish settlement in England dates from 1070. The Jewish settlement continued until King Edward I's Edict of Expulsion in 1290. After the expulsion, there was no overt Jewish community (as opposed to individuals practising Judaism secretly) until the rule of Oliver Cromwell. While Cromwell never officially readmitted Jews to the Commonwealth of England, a small colony of Sephardic Jews living in London was identified in 1656 and allowed to remain.
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dbo:abstract
يعود أول تسجيل مكتوب عن الاستيطان اليهودي في إنجلترا إلى عام 1070. واستمرت الجالية اليهودية حتى مرسوم الملك إدوارد الأول للطرد عام 1290. بعد الطرد، لم توجد جالية يهودية علنية، واقتصر الوجود اليهودي على الأفراد الذين يمارسون اليهودية سرًا، حتى حكم أوليفر كرومويل. لم يُعِد كرومويل دخول اليهود رسميًا إلى الكومنولث الإنجليزي، بل تحددت جالية صغيرة من اليهود السفرديم الذين يعيشون في لندن سنة 1656 وسُمح لهم بالبقاء. ظل قانون التجنس اليهودي لعام 1753 ساريًا بضعة أشهر فقط، وهو محاولة لإضفاء الشرعية على الوجود اليهودي في إنجلترا. عادة ما يُرجِع المؤرخون التحرر اليهودي إما إلى عام 1829 أو 1858، مع أن بينجامين دزرائيلي، يهودي المولد المتحول لاحقًا إلى الأنجليكانية، انتُخب مرتين رئيسًا لوزراء للمملكة المتحدة عامي 1868 و1874. مع إصرار الزعيم الأيرلندي دانيال أوكونيل سنة 1846، أُلغي القانون البريطاني، الذي نص على ارتداء ملابس خاصة لليهود. اكتسبت بريطانيا سمعة طيبة للتسامح الديني فيها وجذبت هجرة كبيرة من أوروبا الشرقية. بسبب انعدام العنف ضد اليهود فيها في القرن التاسع عشر، في ثلاثينيات وأربعينيات القرن العشرين، فر بعض اليهود الأوروبيين إلى إنجلترا هربًا من النازيين. واجه اليهود معاداة السامية والقوالب النمطية في بريطانيا، وسارت معاداة السامية غالبًا مع المعاداة الألمانية، لدرجة تساوي اليهود والألمان أوائل القرن العشرين، مع أن الإنجليز أنفسهم لديهم أصول عرقية ألمانية جزئيًا. ما أدى إلى قيام العديد من العائلات اليهودية الأشكنازية بتغيير أسماءهم ألمانية الطابع إلى أسماء إنجليزية الطابع. يبلغ عدد اليهود في بريطانيا الآن نحو 275 ألف، ومعظمهم تقريبًا -أكثر من 260 ألف- في إنجلترا، التي تضم ثاني أكبر عدد من اليهود في أوروبا -بعد فرنسا- وخامس أكبر جالية يهودية في العالم. يعيش غالبية اليهود في إنجلترا في لندن وحولها، مع نحو 160 ألف يهودي فيها، و20 ألف آخرين معظمهم في جنوب غرب هيرتفوردشاير. ثاني أكبر عدد من السكان هم في مانشستر الكبرى، جالية تزيد قليلًا على 25 ألف، أساسًا في بوري (10390)، سالفورد (7920)، مانشستر (2725) وترافورد (2,490). توجد أيضًا جالية كبيرة في ليدز (6,760)، جيتشيد (3000)، برايتون (2730)، ليفربول (2330)، برمنغهام (2150) وساوث إند (2080). تشمل المدن والقرى في هيرتفوردشاير ذات الكثافة السكانية العالية بوشي (4500)، وبورهاموود (3900)، ورادليت (2300). يُعتقد عمومًا أن الإحصاءات التي تتعلق بتعداد اليهود ليست دقيقة، بسبب عدم ميل البعض إلى كشف خلفيتهم الدينية وممارساتهم، لذلك قد تكون هذه الأرقام أقل من الواقع. The history of the Jews in England goes back to the reign of William the Conqueror. Although it is likely that there had been some Jewish presence in the Roman period, there is no definitive evidence, and no reason to suppose that there was any community during Anglo-Saxon times. The first written record of Jewish settlement in England dates from 1070. The Jewish settlement continued until King Edward I's Edict of Expulsion in 1290. After the expulsion, there was no overt Jewish community (as opposed to individuals practising Judaism secretly) until the rule of Oliver Cromwell. While Cromwell never officially readmitted Jews to the Commonwealth of England, a small colony of Sephardic Jews living in London was identified in 1656 and allowed to remain. The Jewish Naturalisation Act of 1753, an attempt to legalise the Jewish presence in England, remained in force for only a few months. Historians commonly date Jewish Emancipation to either 1829 or 1858, while Benjamin Disraeli, born Jewish but converted to Anglicanism, had been elected twice as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 1868 and in 1874. At the insistence of Irish leader Daniel O'Connell, in 1846 the British law "De Judaismo", which prescribed a special dress for Jews, was repealed. Due to the rarity of anti-Jewish violence in Britain in the 19th century, it acquired a reputation for religious tolerance and attracted significant immigration from Eastern Europe. By the outbreak of World War II, about half a million European Jews fled to England to escape the Nazis, but only about 70,000 (including almost 10,000 children) were granted entry. Jews faced antisemitism and stereotypes in Britain, and antisemitism "in most cases went along with Germanophobia" during World War I to the extent that Jews were equated with Germans, despite the British royal family having partial German ethnic origins. This led many Ashkenazi Jewish families to Anglicise their often German-sounding names. Jews in the UK now number around 275,000, with over 260,000 of these in England, which contains the second largest Jewish population in Europe (behind France) and the fifth largest Jewish community worldwide. The majority of the Jews in England live in and around London, with almost 160,000 Jews in London itself and a further 20,800 in nearby Hertfordshire, primarily in Bushey (4,500), Borehamwood (3,900), and Radlett (2,300). The next most significant population is in Greater Manchester with a community of slightly more than 25,000, primarily in Bury (10,360), Salford (7,920), Manchester itself (2,725), and Trafford (2,490). There are also significant communities in Leeds (6,760), Gateshead (3,000), Brighton (2,730), Liverpool (2,330), Birmingham (2,150), and Southend (2,080). It is generally believed that Jews are undercounted in censuses due to a disinclination on the parts of some community members to reveal their ethnoreligious background and practice, so these numbers may be low estimates. La storia degli ebrei in Inghilterra risale al regno di Guglielmo il Conquistatore. La prima testimonianza scritta di un insediamento ebraico nella storia dell'Inghilterra risale al 1070. Gli insediamenti continuarono fino a quando il re Edoardo I d'Inghilterra emise l'Editto di espulsione nel 1290. Dopo l'espulsione non c'erano comunità ebraiche oltre a quelle che la praticavano in segreto, fino al governo di Oliver Cromwell. Mentre Cromwell non ha mai riammesso formalmente ebrei nel Commonwealth d'Inghilterra, una piccola comunità di ebrei sefarditi fu identificata a Londra e fu autorizzata a rimanervi. Il Jewish Naturalization Act 1753 supponeva un tentativo di legalizzare la presenza in Inghilterra che durò solo pochi mesi. Gli storici collocano la data dell'emancipazione ebraica tra il 1829 o il 1858, quando Benjamin Disraeli, nato ebreo ma convertito all'anglicanesimo, fu eletto in Parlamento nel 1837. Su insistenza del leader irlandese Daniel O'Connell, la legge del 1846 conosciuta come "On Judaism", che prescriveva un abbigliamento speciale per gli ebrei, fu abolita. A causa dell'assenza di violenza antisemita in Gran Bretagna durante il XIX secolo, il paese divenne famoso per la sua tolleranza religiosa e attirò un numero significativo di immigrati da tutta Europa. Tra gli anni '30 e '40, alcuni ebrei europei scelsero l'Inghilterra per fuggire dai nazisti del Terzo Reich. Gli ebrei dovettero fare i conti con stereotipi e antisemitismo in Gran Bretagna, spesso "accompagnati da germanofobia", che portò molte famiglie ad anglicizzare i loro cognomi per evitare che sembrassero troppo tedeschi. Attualmente ci sono quasi 300.000 ebrei britannici e l'Inghilterra ospita la seconda più grande popolazione ebraica in Europa e la quinta nel mondo.
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