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路易斯·布蘭迪斯 Louis Dembitz Brandeis 루이스 브랜다이스 Louis Brandeis ルイス・ブランダイス Louis Brandeis لويس برانديز Louis Brandeis Брандис, Луис Louis Brandeis Louis Brandeis Louis Brandeis Louis Brandeis Louis Dembitz Brandeis Louis Brandeis Louis Brandeis Louis Brandeis
rdfs:comment
Луис Брандис (англ. Louis Dembitz Brandeis; 1856—1941) — американский юрист, в честь которого назван Брандейский университет. Член Верховного суда Соединенных Штатов с 1916 по 1939 годы. Первый судья Верховного суда США иудейского вероисповедания. Louis Dembitz Brandeis (Louisville, 13 novembre 1856 – Washington, 5 octobre 1941) est un avocat américain, juge à la Cour suprême des États-Unis ainsi qu'un important soutien au mouvement sioniste américain. Un des principaux conseillers économiques de Woodrow Wilson puis de Franklin Delano Roosevelt, il est un des symboles de l'ère progressiste et un des pionniers d'une concurrence régulée. Il a participé à la création de la Réserve fédérale des États-Unis et a apporté de nouvelles idées à la Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Il a introduit également le Brandeis Brief, qu'on pourrait aussi traduire comme l'« argumentation juridique à la Brandeis », dont la caractéristique est de ne pas s'appuyer seulement sur les sources du droit mais de reposer également sur des analyses empiriques et sur 路易士·布蘭戴斯(英語:Louis Dembitz Brandeis,1856年11月13日-1941年10月3日)美國律師,1916年獲伍德羅·威爾遜總統提名為美國最高法院大法官,直到1939年。是第一位擔任此職的猶太裔人士。最為人知的是他將實驗室方法帶入法庭。 1939年退休,威廉·道格拉斯接任他的席位。 لويس برانديز، (بالإنجليزية: Louis Brandeis)‏، (وُلِد 13 نوفمبر، 1856 في لويفيل، كنتاكي - وتُوفيّ 5 أكتوبر، 1941 في واشنطن، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية)، محامي وأستاذ جامعي وقاضي وسياسي أمريكي يهودي، كما أنّه من أبرز قادة الحركة الصهيونية أثناء الحرب العالمية الأولى وفترة ما قبل الحرب العالمية الثانية قدم جهوداً حثيثة حتى تدخل الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية للحرب العالمية الأولى وتُحارب فيها ضد الدولة العثمانية وألمانيا والنمسا، كان صديقاً مُقرباً للرئيس الأمريكي وودرو ويلسون وشديد التأثير عليه وساهم بشكل كبير في إقناعه حتى يدعم وعد بلفور والحركة الصهيونية وأحلامها في إنشاء دولة إسرائيل، كما أنّه هُوّ الداعم الأساسي لوودرو ويلسون أثناء حملته الانتخابية. Louis Brandeis (Louisville, 13 novembre 1856 – Washington, 15 ottobre 1941) è stato un avvocato e giurista statunitense, membro della Corte Suprema degli Stati Uniti dal 1916 al 1939. È ricordato per aver perseguito gratuitamente tematiche di grande rilevanza sociale, promuovendo l'avanzamento del diritto in vari campi e la tutela delle libertà civili. Sostenne fortemente il movimento sionista statunitense. Brandeis influenzò decisivamente l'amministrazione di Woodrow Wilson, in modo tale da sostenere la Dichiarazione Balfour del 1917. Louis Dembitz Brandeis (Louisville (Kentucky), 13 november 1856 - Washington D.C., 5 oktober 1941) was een Amerikaanse rechter. Hij was van 1916 tot 1939 lid van het Amerikaanse Hooggerechtshof en een prominent zionist. Louis Dembitz Brandeis ( /ˈbrændaɪs/; 13 de novembro de 1856 – 5 de outubro de 1941) foi um advogado norte-Americano e Associado de Justiça da Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos no Supremo Tribunal dos Estados Unidos de 1916 a 1939. Ele nasceu em Louisville, Kentucky, e era filho de imigrantes Judeus da Boêmia (hoje na República Checa), mas que o criaram em um ambiente secular. Ele frequentou a Escola de Direito de Harvard, e se formou aos vinte anos com a média de notas mais alta na história da faculdade. Brandeis se mudou para Boston, onde fundou um escritório de advocacia (que existe ainda hoje, sob o nome Nutter McClennen & Fish) e tornou-se um advogado reconhecido através do seu trabalho progressista de causas sociais. Louis Brandeis (pronunciado /brændaɪs/) o Louis Dembitz Brandeis (13 de noviembre de 1856 - 5 de octubre de 1941) fue un Juez Asociado de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos de 1916 a 1939. Nació en Louisville, Kentucky, de padres judíos que habían emigrado de Bohemia. Se matriculó en la Escuela de Leyes de Harvard (Harvard Law School), graduándose a la edad de veinte años con el más alto promedio de calificaciones en la historia de la universidad. Fue uno de los fundadores de la Universidad Brandeis. Louis Dembitz Brandeis (* 13. November 1856 in Louisville, Kentucky; † 5. Oktober 1941 in Washington, D.C.) war ein US-amerikanischer Jurist und von 1916 bis 1939 der erste jüdische Richter am Obersten Gerichtshof der Vereinigten Staaten. Louis Dembitz BRANDEIS (13-an de novembro 1856 en , Kentucky - 5-an de oktobro 1941 en Vaŝingtono) estis usona juristo kaj unua juda juĝisto en la Supera Kortumo de Usono. Louis Dembitz Brandeis, född 13 november 1856 i Louisville, Kentucky, död 5 oktober 1941 i Washington, D.C., var en domare i USA:s högsta domstol åren 1916-1939. Brandeis, som nominerades till högsta domstolen av president Woodrow Wilson, är bland annat känd för att ha introducerat idén om en rätt till privatliv (engelska: right to privacy) genom en artikel i tidskriften Harvard Law Review år 1890. Denna rätt till privatliv, som enligt Brandeis utgjorde en konsekvens av USA:s konstitution och juridiska tradition, kom senare bl.a. att utgöra grunden för domslutet i det kända rättsfallet Roe v. Wade år 1973. Louis Dembitz Brandeis (/ˈbrændaɪs/; November 13, 1856 – October 5, 1941) was an American lawyer and associate justice on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1916 to 1939. Starting in 1890, he helped develop the "right to privacy" concept by writing a Harvard Law Review article of that title, and was thereby credited by legal scholar Roscoe Pound as having accomplished "nothing less than adding a chapter to our law." He was a leading figure in the antitrust movement at the turn of the century, particularly in his resistance to the monopolization of the New England railroad and advice to Woodrow Wilson as a candidate. In his books, articles and speeches, including Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It, and , he criticized the power of large banks, money trusts, powerful co Louis Dembitz Brandeis (13. listopadu 1856, Louisville, Kentucky – 5. října 1941, Washington) byl americký právník, který v letech 1916 až 1939 zastával funkci soudce Nejvyššího soudu Spojených států amerických. Stal se jedním z nejznámějších a nejvlivnějších soudců amerického Nejvyššího soudu, a zároveň vůbec prvním židovským soudcem tohoto soudu. Louis Dembitz Brandeis, atau dikenal dengan nama Louis Brandeis (lahir 13 November 1856 di Louisville, Kentucky, Amerika Serikat - meninggal 5 Oktober 1941 di Washington, D.C. pada umur 84 tahun) adalah seorang pengacara dan hakim pembantu di Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1916 hingga 1939. Ia merupakan orang Yahudi pertama yang pernah menjabat di pengadilan tinggi. 루이스 뎀비츠 브랜다이스(Louis Dembitz Brandeis, 1856년 11월 13일 ~ 1941년 10월 5일)는 미국의 변호사이자 대법관이며 사생활의 주창자로 자신의 민중 아이디어들로 "국민들의 변호사"로 알려졌다. 그는 연방 대법원의 운영을 영원히 바꾼 "브랜다이스 소송 적요서"를 개발하여 법률을 결심한 숙고로 사회학으로부터 자료와 주장들을 가져왔다. 종종 가끔 동료 올리버 웬들 홈스 주니어와 정렬된 연방 대법원에서 그의 업무는 다수의 반대 의견을 포함하여 그의 견해는 후에 법원에서 만들어진 결정들을 그늘지게 하였다. 그는 다수가 그들을 반대할 때 프랭클린 D. 루스벨트 대통령의 뉴딜 프로그램의 견고한 지지자였다. 브랜다이스는 또한 미국의 시오니즘 운동에 활동적이었으며 그 지도자였으며 팔레스타인에서 유대인 고향의 설립이 미국의 애국주의와 양립할 수 있다고 주장하였다. 그의 영예는 그의 이름을 딴 연구소와 상들에서 찾아지나 노력들에서 더욱 중요하게 그는 언론의 자유와 믿음, 사상, 감정과 다른 비물질을 포함한 사생활 같은 보호 민권으로 만들었고, 그러므로 가장 중요하고 가치있고, 방해와 정부 혹은 권한에 의한 통제 없이 우리 생활의 국면이다. Louis Dembitz Brandeis (ur. 13 listopada 1856 w Louisville, Kentucky, zm. 5 października 1941) – amerykański prawnik. Znany przeciwnik monopoli i jeden z przedstawicieli współczesnych koncepcji zarządzania. W latach 1916–1939 sędzia Sądu Najwyższego Stanów Zjednoczonych. Współzałożyciel czasopisma . ルイス・デンビッツ・ブランダイス(Louis Dembitz Brandeis, 1856年11月13日 - 1941年10月5日)は、アメリカの法律家。ハーバード大学ロー・スクール教授。合衆国最高裁判所陪席判事。
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Louis David Brandeis
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2018-08-16 2010-04-23 2009-02-10 2008-05-05 2009-03-01 2008-07-25 2018-08-15
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Louis Brandeis
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Author:Louis Dembitz Brandeis
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1891 Alice Goldmark
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Ruthenberg v. Michigan dbr:Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States "The Right to Privacy," United States ex rel Milwaukee Social Democratic Publishing Co. v. Burleson Louis Brandeis . Whitney v. California Gilbert v. Minnesota
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Louis Brandeis (pronunciado /brændaɪs/) o Louis Dembitz Brandeis (13 de noviembre de 1856 - 5 de octubre de 1941) fue un Juez Asociado de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos de 1916 a 1939. Nació en Louisville, Kentucky, de padres judíos que habían emigrado de Bohemia. Se matriculó en la Escuela de Leyes de Harvard (Harvard Law School), graduándose a la edad de veinte años con el más alto promedio de calificaciones en la historia de la universidad. Fue uno de los fundadores de la Universidad Brandeis. Louis Dembitz Brandeis, atau dikenal dengan nama Louis Brandeis (lahir 13 November 1856 di Louisville, Kentucky, Amerika Serikat - meninggal 5 Oktober 1941 di Washington, D.C. pada umur 84 tahun) adalah seorang pengacara dan hakim pembantu di Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1916 hingga 1939. Ia merupakan orang Yahudi pertama yang pernah menjabat di pengadilan tinggi. Brandeis lahir dari keluarga yang beremigrasi dari Praha, Republik Ceko ke Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1849. Ia menempuh pendidikannya di sekolah umum Louisville dan Annen Realschule di Dresden, Jerman. Selanjutnya ia memasuki , dan menjadi lulusan terbaik di kelasnya pada tahun 1877. Setelah lulus dari Hardvard, ia mulai dikenal sebagai "Pengacara Rakyat" karena jasanya memperjuangkan hak-hak pekerja dan memutus monopoli. Kemudian presiden Woodrow Wilson mengangkatnya ke Mahkamah Agung pada tahun 1916. Pada tahun 1891, Brandeis menikah dengan dan kemudian memiliki dua anak perempuan. Ia menjadi seorang Zionis dan percaya bahwa dengan membangun sebuah tanah air Yahudi merupakan kunci untuk memerangi anti-Semitisme. Louis Dembitz BRANDEIS (13-an de novembro 1856 en , Kentucky - 5-an de oktobro 1941 en Vaŝingtono) estis usona juristo kaj unua juda juĝisto en la Supera Kortumo de Usono. Louis Dembitz Brandeis (Louisville (Kentucky), 13 november 1856 - Washington D.C., 5 oktober 1941) was een Amerikaanse rechter. Hij was van 1916 tot 1939 lid van het Amerikaanse Hooggerechtshof en een prominent zionist. Louis Dembitz Brandeis (* 13. November 1856 in Louisville, Kentucky; † 5. Oktober 1941 in Washington, D.C.) war ein US-amerikanischer Jurist und von 1916 bis 1939 der erste jüdische Richter am Obersten Gerichtshof der Vereinigten Staaten. Louis Dembitz Brandeis, född 13 november 1856 i Louisville, Kentucky, död 5 oktober 1941 i Washington, D.C., var en domare i USA:s högsta domstol åren 1916-1939. Brandeis, som nominerades till högsta domstolen av president Woodrow Wilson, är bland annat känd för att ha introducerat idén om en rätt till privatliv (engelska: right to privacy) genom en artikel i tidskriften Harvard Law Review år 1890. Denna rätt till privatliv, som enligt Brandeis utgjorde en konsekvens av USA:s konstitution och juridiska tradition, kom senare bl.a. att utgöra grunden för domslutet i det kända rättsfallet Roe v. Wade år 1973. Han kom även historiskt att uppmärksammas för att han i målet Muller v. Oregon år 1908 använde ett dokument, som senare kom att kallas "the Brandeis Brief", innehållande utlåtanden av expertvittnen verksamma inom andra områden än juridiken för att ge stöd för den part som Brandeis företrädde i målet. Därmed skapade Brandeis en modell för hur mål senare skulle komma att argumenteras inför högsta domstolen. Brandeis kom att bli den första judiska domaren i USA:s högsta domstol och var aktiv i den sionistiska rörelsen. Forskningsuniversitetet Brandeis University i närheten av Boston, Massachusetts, grundat 1948, är namngivet efter Louis Brandeis. Louis Dembitz Brandeis (Louisville, 13 novembre 1856 – Washington, 5 octobre 1941) est un avocat américain, juge à la Cour suprême des États-Unis ainsi qu'un important soutien au mouvement sioniste américain. Un des principaux conseillers économiques de Woodrow Wilson puis de Franklin Delano Roosevelt, il est un des symboles de l'ère progressiste et un des pionniers d'une concurrence régulée. Il a participé à la création de la Réserve fédérale des États-Unis et a apporté de nouvelles idées à la Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Il a introduit également le Brandeis Brief, qu'on pourrait aussi traduire comme l'« argumentation juridique à la Brandeis », dont la caractéristique est de ne pas s'appuyer seulement sur les sources du droit mais de reposer également sur des analyses empiriques et sur des avis d'experts. C'est grâce à cette technique qu'il fit avancer la cause des salariés, participa à la création d'un salaire minimum et d'une limitation des heures de travail. Plus tard cette technique a servi à la lutte contre la ségrégation scolaire. Il a aussi beaucoup influé sur la façon d'aborder la liberté d'expression et le droit à la vie privée. ルイス・デンビッツ・ブランダイス(Louis Dembitz Brandeis, 1856年11月13日 - 1941年10月5日)は、アメリカの法律家。ハーバード大学ロー・スクール教授。合衆国最高裁判所陪席判事。 Louis Dembitz Brandeis (ur. 13 listopada 1856 w Louisville, Kentucky, zm. 5 października 1941) – amerykański prawnik. Znany przeciwnik monopoli i jeden z przedstawicieli współczesnych koncepcji zarządzania. W latach 1916–1939 sędzia Sądu Najwyższego Stanów Zjednoczonych. Współzałożyciel czasopisma . 루이스 뎀비츠 브랜다이스(Louis Dembitz Brandeis, 1856년 11월 13일 ~ 1941년 10월 5일)는 미국의 변호사이자 대법관이며 사생활의 주창자로 자신의 민중 아이디어들로 "국민들의 변호사"로 알려졌다. 그는 연방 대법원의 운영을 영원히 바꾼 "브랜다이스 소송 적요서"를 개발하여 법률을 결심한 숙고로 사회학으로부터 자료와 주장들을 가져왔다. 종종 가끔 동료 올리버 웬들 홈스 주니어와 정렬된 연방 대법원에서 그의 업무는 다수의 반대 의견을 포함하여 그의 견해는 후에 법원에서 만들어진 결정들을 그늘지게 하였다. 그는 다수가 그들을 반대할 때 프랭클린 D. 루스벨트 대통령의 뉴딜 프로그램의 견고한 지지자였다. 브랜다이스는 또한 미국의 시오니즘 운동에 활동적이었으며 그 지도자였으며 팔레스타인에서 유대인 고향의 설립이 미국의 애국주의와 양립할 수 있다고 주장하였다. 그의 영예는 그의 이름을 딴 연구소와 상들에서 찾아지나 노력들에서 더욱 중요하게 그는 언론의 자유와 믿음, 사상, 감정과 다른 비물질을 포함한 사생활 같은 보호 민권으로 만들었고, 그러므로 가장 중요하고 가치있고, 방해와 정부 혹은 권한에 의한 통제 없이 우리 생활의 국면이다. 路易士·布蘭戴斯(英語:Louis Dembitz Brandeis,1856年11月13日-1941年10月3日)美國律師,1916年獲伍德羅·威爾遜總統提名為美國最高法院大法官,直到1939年。是第一位擔任此職的猶太裔人士。最為人知的是他將實驗室方法帶入法庭。 1939年退休,威廉·道格拉斯接任他的席位。 Louis Brandeis (Louisville, 13 novembre 1856 – Washington, 15 ottobre 1941) è stato un avvocato e giurista statunitense, membro della Corte Suprema degli Stati Uniti dal 1916 al 1939. È ricordato per aver perseguito gratuitamente tematiche di grande rilevanza sociale, promuovendo l'avanzamento del diritto in vari campi e la tutela delle libertà civili. Sostenne fortemente il movimento sionista statunitense. Brandeis influenzò decisivamente l'amministrazione di Woodrow Wilson, in modo tale da sostenere la Dichiarazione Balfour del 1917. Луис Брандис (англ. Louis Dembitz Brandeis; 1856—1941) — американский юрист, в честь которого назван Брандейский университет. Член Верховного суда Соединенных Штатов с 1916 по 1939 годы. Первый судья Верховного суда США иудейского вероисповедания. Louis Dembitz Brandeis (13. listopadu 1856, Louisville, Kentucky – 5. října 1941, Washington) byl americký právník, který v letech 1916 až 1939 zastával funkci soudce Nejvyššího soudu Spojených států amerických. Stal se jedním z nejznámějších a nejvlivnějších soudců amerického Nejvyššího soudu, a zároveň vůbec prvním židovským soudcem tohoto soudu. Louis Dembitz Brandeis ( /ˈbrændaɪs/; 13 de novembro de 1856 – 5 de outubro de 1941) foi um advogado norte-Americano e Associado de Justiça da Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos no Supremo Tribunal dos Estados Unidos de 1916 a 1939. Ele nasceu em Louisville, Kentucky, e era filho de imigrantes Judeus da Boêmia (hoje na República Checa), mas que o criaram em um ambiente secular. Ele frequentou a Escola de Direito de Harvard, e se formou aos vinte anos com a média de notas mais alta na história da faculdade. Brandeis se mudou para Boston, onde fundou um escritório de advocacia (que existe ainda hoje, sob o nome Nutter McClennen & Fish) e tornou-se um advogado reconhecido através do seu trabalho progressista de causas sociais. Em 1890, ele ajudou a desenvolver o conceito do "direito à privacidade (Right to Privacy)" escrevendo um artigo para o Harvard Law Review com o mesmo título, e foi consequentemente creditado pelo jurista Roscoe Pound como tendo realizado "nada menos do que ter escrito outro capítulo do nosso Direito". Publicou, posteriormente, o Dinheiro de Outras Pessoas E Como os Banqueiros o Usam, sugerindo formas de limitar o poder dos grandes bancos e fundos financeiros. Era contra as grandes corporações, o monopólio, a corrupção pública, e o consumo em massa - tudo o que ele sentia que era prejudicial à cultura e aos valores Americanos. Ele também tornou-se membro ativo do movimento Sionista, vendo-o como uma solução para o anti-semitismo na Europa e na Rússia, e como uma maneira de "reviver o espírito Judaico." Ao perceber que a condição financeira de sua família já era estável, começou a dedicar mais tempo às causas públicas, e ficou conhecido posteriormente como o "advogado do povo". Insistiu em trabalhar em diversos casos sem receber por seu trabalho para que ele pudesse estar livre para tratar das questões mais amplas neles envolvidas. A Revista The Economist lhe chamou de " Robin Hood da lei". Alguns de seus casos mais famosos foram contra os monopólios na indústria ferroviária, defendendo as leis trabalhistas, ajudando a criar o Sistema de Reserva Federal, e apresentando ideias para formação da nova Comissão Federal de Comércio (FTC). Em 1908, no caso Muller v. Oregon, no qual se discutia a limitação de horas de trabalho para mulheres, Louis Brandeis inovou no direito norte-americano ao protocolar uma petição de mais de 600 páginas, com pouquíssimo referencial jurídico tradicional, porém com denso material sociológico e fático; trata-se do Brandeis Brief. Brandeis havia encetado extensa pesquisa, de modo que suas petições consubstanciam riquíssimo material que concentrava entendimentos dos mais variados campos do conhecimento. Em 1916, o Presidente Woodrow Wilson nomeou Brandeis Juiz da Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos. Sua indicação foi amplamente contestada, como o Juiz William O. Douglas escreveu, "Brandeis foi um militante da cruzada pela justiça social, independente de quem fosse seu adversário. Ele era perigoso, não só pelo quão brilhante ele era, pela aritmética, pela sua coragem. Ele era perigoso porque ele era incorruptível (...) [e] os medos do Estabelecimento eram ainda maiores porque Brandeis foi o primeiro Judeu a ser nomeado para o Tribunal." No dia primeiro de junho de 1916, sua nomeação foi confirmada pelo Senado por votos de 47 a 22. Tornou-se uma das figuras mais famosas e influentes a terem servido na suprema corte. Suas opiniões foram, de acordo com os juristas, algumas das "maiores defesas" da liberdade de expressão e do direito à privacidade já escritos por um membro do Supremo Tribunal. لويس برانديز، (بالإنجليزية: Louis Brandeis)‏، (وُلِد 13 نوفمبر، 1856 في لويفيل، كنتاكي - وتُوفيّ 5 أكتوبر، 1941 في واشنطن، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية)، محامي وأستاذ جامعي وقاضي وسياسي أمريكي يهودي، كما أنّه من أبرز قادة الحركة الصهيونية أثناء الحرب العالمية الأولى وفترة ما قبل الحرب العالمية الثانية قدم جهوداً حثيثة حتى تدخل الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية للحرب العالمية الأولى وتُحارب فيها ضد الدولة العثمانية وألمانيا والنمسا، كان صديقاً مُقرباً للرئيس الأمريكي وودرو ويلسون وشديد التأثير عليه وساهم بشكل كبير في إقناعه حتى يدعم وعد بلفور والحركة الصهيونية وأحلامها في إنشاء دولة إسرائيل، كما أنّه هُوّ الداعم الأساسي لوودرو ويلسون أثناء حملته الانتخابية. Louis Dembitz Brandeis (/ˈbrændaɪs/; November 13, 1856 – October 5, 1941) was an American lawyer and associate justice on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1916 to 1939. Starting in 1890, he helped develop the "right to privacy" concept by writing a Harvard Law Review article of that title, and was thereby credited by legal scholar Roscoe Pound as having accomplished "nothing less than adding a chapter to our law." He was a leading figure in the antitrust movement at the turn of the century, particularly in his resistance to the monopolization of the New England railroad and advice to Woodrow Wilson as a candidate. In his books, articles and speeches, including Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It, and , he criticized the power of large banks, money trusts, powerful corporations, monopolies, public corruption, and mass consumerism, all of which he felt were detrimental to American values and culture. He later became active in the Zionist movement, seeing it as a solution to antisemitism in Europe and Russia, while at the same time being a way to "revive the Jewish spirit." When his family's finances became secure, he began devoting most of his time to public causes and was later dubbed the "People's Lawyer." He insisted on taking cases without pay so that he would be free to address the wider issues involved. The Economist magazine called him "A Robin Hood of the law." Among his notable early cases were actions fighting railroad monopolies, defending workplace and labor laws, helping create the Federal Reserve System, and presenting ideas for the new Federal Trade Commission. He achieved recognition by submitting a case brief, later called the "Brandeis brief", which relied on expert testimony from people in other professions to support his case, thereby setting a new precedent in evidence presentation. In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson nominated Brandeis to a seat on the Supreme Court of the United States. His nomination was bitterly contested, partly because, as Justice William O. Douglas later wrote, "Brandeis was a militant crusader for social justice whoever his opponent might be. He was dangerous not only because of his brilliance, his arithmetic, his courage. He was dangerous because he was incorruptible ... [and] the fears of the Establishment were greater because Brandeis was the first Jew to be named to the Court." On June 1, 1916, he was confirmed by the Senate by a vote of 47 to 22, to become one of the most famous and influential figures ever to serve on the high court. His opinions were, according to legal scholars, some of the "greatest defenses" of freedom of speech and the right to privacy ever written by a member of the Supreme Court. Some have criticized Brandeis for evading issues related to African-Americans, as he did not author a single opinion on any cases about race during his twenty-three year tenure, and consistently voted with the court majority including in support of racial segregation.
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