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Subject Item
dbr:Public_Universal_Friend
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Public Universal Friend 퍼블릭 유니버설 프렌드 Public Universal Friend Jemima Wilkinson Public Universal Friend Jemima Wilkinson Public Universal Friend Public Universal Friend Public Universal Friend
rdfs:comment
The Public Universal Friend (* 29. November 1752, in Cumberland, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations als Jemima Wilkinson; † 1. Juli 1819 in Jerusalem, New York) war ein – laut eigener Aussage geschlechtsloser – amerikanischer christlicher Prediger. Nach einer schweren Krankheit im Jahre 1776 erklärte Wilkinson, dass Jemimas Seele gestorben und ihr Körper als geschlechtsloses Wesen wiederbelebt worden sei. Wilkinson änderte den eigenen Namen in Public Universal Friend (Allgemeiner Freund der Menschheit), vermied ab da geschlechtsspezifische Kleidung und Pronomen, und predigte im Nordosten der Vereinigten Staaten. Public Universal Friend glaubte (ähnlich wie andere Quäker) an Willensfreiheit und Allaussöhnung und nicht an Prädestination, widersetzte sich der Sklaverei und förd The Public Universal Friend, née Jemima Wilkinson le 29 novembre 1752 à Cumberland (Rhode Island) et mort le 1er juillet 1819 à Jerusalem (New York), était évangéliste aux États-Unis. O "Amigo Público Universal" (nascida Jemima Wilkinson, 29 de novembro de 1752 — 1 de julho de 1819), foi uma líder religiosa estadunidense da congregação "Universal Friends" (Amigos Universais), que pregava total abstinência sexual. Após ter sofrido de uma grave doença em 1776, o Amigo alegou ter morrido e sido reanimado como um evangelista agénero chamado "Amigo Público Universal", e posteriornebte evitou o seu nome de nascimento e os pronomes com gênero. Vestindo roupas andrógenas, o Amigo pregou por todo o nordeste dos Estados Unidos, atraindo muitos seguidores que assim formaram a "Sociedade de Amigos Universais". The Public Universal Friend, född som Jemima Wilkinson år 1751, död 1819, var en amerikansk kristen predikant och grundare av Society of the Universal Friends. Jemima Wilkinson föddes år 1751 i Cumberland i Rhode Island som åttonde barn till lantbrukaren Jeremiah Wilkinson och Amy Whipple, båda kväkare. I sin ungdom, i mitten av 1770-talet, gick Wilkinson med i ett nytt samfund vid namn New-Lights, som dock föll samman kort efter att det bildats. I samband med detta blev Wilkinson först tillbakadragen och sedan svårt sjuk. Hösten 1776 hade situationen förvärrats till dödligt, men den tidigare Wilkinson vaknade plötsligt upp och sade sig ha återuppstått som en könlös och namnlös profet, som därefter endast kallades Public Universal Friend (ungefär "Mänsklighetens Allmänna Vän"). Public Universal Friend (naskiĝnome Jemima Wilkinson; 29-a de novembro, 1752 – 1-a de julio, 1819) estis naskita kiel kvarageneracia angl-usonano al familio de kvakeroj en Rodinsulo, kaj asignita kiel ino ĉe la naskiĝo. Kiel infano, Friend estis forta kaj atletika, amis bestojn, kaj estis lerta rajdanto kaj avida leganto. Friend suferis severan malsanon en 1776 (je aĝo de 24), kaj estis raportite, ke mortinte Friend estis revivigita de Dio kiel sengenra evangeliisto nomata Public Universal Friend (publika universala amiko). The Public Universal Friend (born Jemima Wilkinson; November 29, 1752 – July 1, 1819) was an American preacher born in Cumberland, Rhode Island, to Quaker parents. After suffering a severe illness in 1776, the Friend claimed to have died and been reanimated as a genderless evangelist named the Public Universal Friend, and afterward shunned both birth name and gendered pronouns. In androgynous clothes, the Friend preached throughout the northeastern United States, attracting many followers who became the Society of Universal Friends. 퍼블릭 유니버설 프렌드(Public Universal Friend, 1752년 11월 29일 ~ 1819년 7월 1일)은 미국의 전도사이다. 퀘이커 부모 사이에서 제미마 윌킨슨(Jemima Wilkinson)이라는 이름으로 로드아일랜드주 에서 태어났다. 1776년 심각한 병을 앓고 나면서부터 원래의 프렌드는 죽었으며, 퍼블릭 유니버설 프렌드라는 이름의 성별이 없는 전도사로 다시 태어났다고 주장하였다. 이후 출생명과 자신에게 붙는 성별 대명사를 사용하는 걸 지양하였다. 또한 양성적인 옷을 입으면서 미국 북동부 지역을 돌며 전도를 하였고, 소사이어티 오브 유니버설 프렌즈(Society of Universal Friends)라는 많은 추종자를 끌어모았다.
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The Public Universal Friend in black clerical robes, white cravat, and no head covering
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Jemima Wilkinson
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Portrait from David Hudson's 1821 biography
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dbo:abstract
The Public Universal Friend, född som Jemima Wilkinson år 1751, död 1819, var en amerikansk kristen predikant och grundare av Society of the Universal Friends. Jemima Wilkinson föddes år 1751 i Cumberland i Rhode Island som åttonde barn till lantbrukaren Jeremiah Wilkinson och Amy Whipple, båda kväkare. I sin ungdom, i mitten av 1770-talet, gick Wilkinson med i ett nytt samfund vid namn New-Lights, som dock föll samman kort efter att det bildats. I samband med detta blev Wilkinson först tillbakadragen och sedan svårt sjuk. Hösten 1776 hade situationen förvärrats till dödligt, men den tidigare Wilkinson vaknade plötsligt upp och sade sig ha återuppstått som en könlös och namnlös profet, som därefter endast kallades Public Universal Friend (ungefär "Mänsklighetens Allmänna Vän"). Public Universal Friend samlade med åren hundratals lärjungar och reste runt i New England till häst iklädd manlig kyrkoklädsel, predikande en troslära med drag från kväkarna och baptismen. I denna ingick bland annat slaverimotstånd, förespråkande av celibat och kvinnors och mäns lika möjligheter att bli ledare. Lärjungarna blev fler, även många förmögna New England-bor gick med, och ur detta bildades Society of the Universal Friends. Rörelsen och ledaren fick dock även kritik, och efter ett upplopp i Philadelphia flyttade Friend till den då okända vildmarken i Yates County i delstaten New York. Detta ledde till att rörelsen blev isolerad, men en grupp lärjungar fortsatte vara lojala fram till Friends död i sjukdom 1819. Public Universal Friend (naskiĝnome Jemima Wilkinson; 29-a de novembro, 1752 – 1-a de julio, 1819) estis naskita kiel kvarageneracia angl-usonano al familio de kvakeroj en Rodinsulo, kaj asignita kiel ino ĉe la naskiĝo. Kiel infano, Friend estis forta kaj atletika, amis bestojn, kaj estis lerta rajdanto kaj avida leganto. Friend suferis severan malsanon en 1776 (je aĝo de 24), kaj estis raportite, ke mortinte Friend estis revivigita de Dio kiel sengenra evangeliisto nomata Public Universal Friend (publika universala amiko). 퍼블릭 유니버설 프렌드(Public Universal Friend, 1752년 11월 29일 ~ 1819년 7월 1일)은 미국의 전도사이다. 퀘이커 부모 사이에서 제미마 윌킨슨(Jemima Wilkinson)이라는 이름으로 로드아일랜드주 에서 태어났다. 1776년 심각한 병을 앓고 나면서부터 원래의 프렌드는 죽었으며, 퍼블릭 유니버설 프렌드라는 이름의 성별이 없는 전도사로 다시 태어났다고 주장하였다. 이후 출생명과 자신에게 붙는 성별 대명사를 사용하는 걸 지양하였다. 또한 양성적인 옷을 입으면서 미국 북동부 지역을 돌며 전도를 하였고, 소사이어티 오브 유니버설 프렌즈(Society of Universal Friends)라는 많은 추종자를 끌어모았다. 퍼블릭 유니버설 프렌드의 신학 체계는 대부분의 퀘이커가 믿는 신학 체계와 유사하였다. 자유의지를 강조하였고, 노예제를 반대하였으며, 성적 금욕을 지지하였다. 소사이어티 오브 유니버설 프렌즈에 가장 헌신적이었던 추종자는 자신의 가정과 지역사회에서 주도적인 역할을 하는 미혼 여성 집단이었다. 1790년대에는 뉴욕 서부에 땅을 얻게 되었고, 뉴욕의 근처의 에 거주 지역을 형성하였다. 소사이어티 오브 유니버설 프렌즈는 프렌드가 사망하고 수십 년이 지난 1860년대까지 존재하였다. 많은 작가들이 프렌드를 여성이라고 지칭하였으며, 교활한 사기꾼 또는 여성 권리의 선구자로 묘사한 반면, 일부 작가들은 트랜스젠더나 논바이너리인 전도사이자 트랜스젠터 역사의 중요 인물이라고 표현하였다. The Public Universal Friend (* 29. November 1752, in Cumberland, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations als Jemima Wilkinson; † 1. Juli 1819 in Jerusalem, New York) war ein – laut eigener Aussage geschlechtsloser – amerikanischer christlicher Prediger. Nach einer schweren Krankheit im Jahre 1776 erklärte Wilkinson, dass Jemimas Seele gestorben und ihr Körper als geschlechtsloses Wesen wiederbelebt worden sei. Wilkinson änderte den eigenen Namen in Public Universal Friend (Allgemeiner Freund der Menschheit), vermied ab da geschlechtsspezifische Kleidung und Pronomen, und predigte im Nordosten der Vereinigten Staaten. Public Universal Friend glaubte (ähnlich wie andere Quäker) an Willensfreiheit und Allaussöhnung und nicht an Prädestination, widersetzte sich der Sklaverei und förderte sexuelle Enthaltsamkeit. Anhänger bildeten die Society of Universal Friends. In den 1790er Jahren erwarb diese Gemeinschaft Land im Westen des heutigen Bundesstaats New York, wo sie die Gemeinde Jerusalem in der Nähe des heutigen Penn Yan gründeten. Die engsten Anhänger waren vier Dutzend Frauen, die unverheiratet blieben und führende weltliche und spirituelle Rollen in der Gemeinde übernahmen. Nach dem Tod des Predigers und anderer Mitglieder löste sich die Gesellschaft in den 1860er Jahren auf. Manche Autoren haben Public Universal Friend als Frau und als solche wahlweise als Pionierin oder Betrügerin dargestellt. Andere haben den Prediger als Transgender- oder non-binäre Person angesehen. O "Amigo Público Universal" (nascida Jemima Wilkinson, 29 de novembro de 1752 — 1 de julho de 1819), foi uma líder religiosa estadunidense da congregação "Universal Friends" (Amigos Universais), que pregava total abstinência sexual. Após ter sofrido de uma grave doença em 1776, o Amigo alegou ter morrido e sido reanimado como um evangelista agénero chamado "Amigo Público Universal", e posteriornebte evitou o seu nome de nascimento e os pronomes com gênero. Vestindo roupas andrógenas, o Amigo pregou por todo o nordeste dos Estados Unidos, atraindo muitos seguidores que assim formaram a "Sociedade de Amigos Universais". A teologia do Amigo Público Universal era no geral semelhante à da maioria dos quakers. O Amigo enfatizou a importância do livre arbítrio, opôs-se à escravidão e apoiou a abstinência sexual. Os membros mais comprometidos da Sociedade de Amigos Universais foram um grupo de mulheres solteiras que assumiam papéis de liderança em suas famílias e na comunidade. Na década de 1790, os membros da Sociedade adquiriram terras no oeste Nova Iorquino, onde formaram o município de "Jerusalém" perto de Penn Yan, Nova Iorque. A Sociedade de Amigos Universais deixou de existir na década de 1860. Muitos escritores retrataram o Amigo como uma mulher e, ou um fraudador manipulador, ou um pioneiro dos direitos das mulheres. Outros, no entanto, percecionaram o pregador como transgénero ou não binário e como uma figura pioneira na história transexual. The Public Universal Friend, née Jemima Wilkinson le 29 novembre 1752 à Cumberland (Rhode Island) et mort le 1er juillet 1819 à Jerusalem (New York), était évangéliste aux États-Unis. The Public Universal Friend (born Jemima Wilkinson; November 29, 1752 – July 1, 1819) was an American preacher born in Cumberland, Rhode Island, to Quaker parents. After suffering a severe illness in 1776, the Friend claimed to have died and been reanimated as a genderless evangelist named the Public Universal Friend, and afterward shunned both birth name and gendered pronouns. In androgynous clothes, the Friend preached throughout the northeastern United States, attracting many followers who became the Society of Universal Friends. The Friend's theology was broadly similar to that of most Quakers. The Friend stressed free will, opposed slavery, and supported sexual abstinence. The most committed members of the Society of Universal Friends were a group of unmarried women who took leading roles in their households and community. In the 1790s, members of the Society acquired land in Western New York where they formed the town of Jerusalem near Penn Yan, New York. The Society of Universal Friends ceased to exist by the 1860s. Many writers have portrayed the Friend as a woman, and either a manipulative fraudster, or a pioneer for women's rights; others have viewed the Friend as transgender or non-binary and a figure in trans history.
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