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Statements

Subject Item
dbr:Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017
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2017年税制改革法 (アメリカ) Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 2017年减税与就业法案
rdfs:comment
2017年减税与就业法案(英語:Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017),全名《以2018财年预算决议中第二章和第五章作为依据的调和法案》,是美国国会为简化1986年《》而提出的一项法案,以期改革及降低个人与企业的税率。该法案采用国会预算调和法案的形式,同时试图削减一些税收扣除项目。这是唐纳德·特朗普大力推動並成功通過的税改方案。 The Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018, Pub.L. 115–97 (text) (PDF), is a congressional revenue act of the United States originally introduced in Congress as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), that amended the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Major elements of the changes include reducing tax rates for businesses and individuals, increasing the standard deduction and family tax credits, eliminating personal exemptions and making it less beneficial to itemize deductions, limiting deductions for state and local income taxes and property taxes, further limiting the mortgage interest deduction, reducing the alternative minimum tax for individuals and eliminating it for corporations, doubling the estate tax e 2017年税制改革法は2017年12月に成立したアメリカ合衆国の税制を変更する法律。正式名称は公法no. 115-97 「Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018」で、元々は議会に「減税・雇用法」 (Tax Cuts and Jobs Act、TCJA)として提出された。1986年内国歳入法を修正した同法は議会共和党とトランプ政権が提唱された税制改革をベースとしている。法律の主要な要素として、以下に挙げる企業と個人の税率引き下げが含まれている。標準控除と家族税額控除を増加させることで個人税を簡素化したが、人的控除の撤廃と項目別控除の恩恵を少なくした。州・地方の所得税と固定資産税の控除を制限し更に住宅ローン金利控除も制限する。個人向けの代替ミニマム税(AMT)を削減し、法人向けAMTは撤廃した。遺産税の課税対象となる財産価格の引き上げ及び患者保護並びに医療費負担適正化法(ACA、通称オバマケア)の個人加入義務を撤廃する。
rdfs:seeAlso
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Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
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dbp:citePublicLaw
115
dbp:conferencedate
2017-12-15
dbp:effectiveDate
2018-01-01
dbp:introducedbill
H.R. 1
dbp:introducedby
Kevin Brady
dbp:introduceddate
2017-11-02
dbp:introducedin
House of Representatives
dbp:passedbody
House of Representatives Senate
dbp:passeddate
0001-12-19 2017-12-20 2017-11-16 2017-12-02
dbp:passedvote
51 227
dbp:signeddate
2017-12-22
dbp:signedpresident
dbr:Donald_Trump
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0001-11-09
dbp:date
2020-12-03
dbp:enactedBy
115
dbp:fullname
An Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018
dbp:quote
"Overall, the combined effect of the change in net federal revenue and spending is to decrease deficits allocated to lower-income tax filing units and to increase deficits allocated to higher-income tax filing units.--Congressional Budget Office"
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n21:new-tax-reform-changes-website
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dbo:abstract
2017年减税与就业法案(英語:Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017),全名《以2018财年预算决议中第二章和第五章作为依据的调和法案》,是美国国会为简化1986年《》而提出的一项法案,以期改革及降低个人与企业的税率。该法案采用国会预算调和法案的形式,同时试图削减一些税收扣除项目。这是唐纳德·特朗普大力推動並成功通過的税改方案。 The Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018, Pub.L. 115–97 (text) (PDF), is a congressional revenue act of the United States originally introduced in Congress as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), that amended the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Major elements of the changes include reducing tax rates for businesses and individuals, increasing the standard deduction and family tax credits, eliminating personal exemptions and making it less beneficial to itemize deductions, limiting deductions for state and local income taxes and property taxes, further limiting the mortgage interest deduction, reducing the alternative minimum tax for individuals and eliminating it for corporations, doubling the estate tax exemption, and cancelling the penalty enforcing individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). The Act is based on tax reform advocated by congressional Republicans and the Trump administration. The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office (CBO) reported that under the Act individuals and pass-through entities like partnerships and S corporations would receive about $1.125 trillion in net benefits (i.e. net tax cuts offset by reduced healthcare subsidies) over 10 years, while corporations would receive around $320 billion in benefits. The CBO estimated that implementing the Act would add an estimated $2.289 trillion to the national debt over ten years, or about $1.891 trillion after taking into account macroeconomic feedback effects, in addition to the $9.8 trillion increase forecast under the current policy baseline and existing $20 trillion national debt. Many tax cut provisions, especially income tax cuts, will expire in 2025, and starting in 2021 will increase over time; by 2027 this would affect an estimated 65% of the population and in that same year the law's provisions are set to be fully enacted, but the corporate tax cuts are permanent. The Senate was able to pass the bill with only 51 votes, without the need to defeat a filibuster, under the budget reconciliation process. The House passed the penultimate version of the bill on December 19, 2017. The Senate passed the final bill, 51–48, on December 20, 2017. On the same day, a re-vote was held in the House for procedural reasons; the bill passed, 224–201. The bill was signed into law by President Donald Trump on December 22, 2017. Most of the changes introduced by the bill went into effect on January 1, 2018, and did not affect 2017 taxes. Supporters argued that the law would increase GDP growth, increase levels of business investment, increase wage and salary income for households, that the tax cuts would pay for themselves, and that the law would simplify tax codes. Opponents argued that the law would result in adverse impacts, including a higher budget deficit, higher trade deficit, greater income inequality, and lower healthcare coverage and higher healthcare costs, and a disproportionate impact on certain states and professions. Critics also argued that advocates misrepresented the law. Some of the reforms enacted by the Republicans have become controversial within key states, particularly the $10,000 cap on state and local tax deductibility, and were challenged in federal court before being upheld. According to an aggregation of polls from Real Clear Politics, 34% of Americans were in favor of the new plan, 39% not in favor, and 28% unsure. According to a 2017 report by Tax Policy Center, taxes would be reduced by about $1,600 on average in 2018 and 2025. The top 20% of Americans by income were projected to receive roughly 65% of the tax savings. In the two years since the Act was passed, it has failed to pay for itself through increased economic growth, according to Maya MacGuineas, president of the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget. According to Bloomberg, the Act has simplified the tax code for some, but not others, lowered corporate debt, led investment to temporarily increase before then declining, and brought money back from overseas, but did not bring back business activity. 2017年税制改革法は2017年12月に成立したアメリカ合衆国の税制を変更する法律。正式名称は公法no. 115-97 「Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018」で、元々は議会に「減税・雇用法」 (Tax Cuts and Jobs Act、TCJA)として提出された。1986年内国歳入法を修正した同法は議会共和党とトランプ政権が提唱された税制改革をベースとしている。法律の主要な要素として、以下に挙げる企業と個人の税率引き下げが含まれている。標準控除と家族税額控除を増加させることで個人税を簡素化したが、人的控除の撤廃と項目別控除の恩恵を少なくした。州・地方の所得税と固定資産税の控除を制限し更に住宅ローン金利控除も制限する。個人向けの代替ミニマム税(AMT)を削減し、法人向けAMTは撤廃した。遺産税の課税対象となる財産価格の引き上げ及び患者保護並びに医療費負担適正化法(ACA、通称オバマケア)の個人加入義務を撤廃する。 無党派の議会予算局 (CBO)は法律下での個人及びパートナーシップやS法人などのパススルー企業は10年間で純利益(例:減少した医療補助金によって相殺された純減税)で約1兆1250億ドルを受け取る一方で、C法人は約3200億ドルの恩恵を受ける。個人とパススルー企業の減税は時間と共に薄れていき、2027年からは純増税になる一方で法人減税は恒久である。これは財政調整法の手続きの下でフィリバスターを終わらせる必要なく51票のみで法案を可決できるようにするものだった CBOは法案の施行により10年間で推定1兆4555億ドルまたはマクロ経済のフィードバック効果の後の約1兆ドルの負債が現在の政策基準下で生じると既に見込まれる10兆ドルと既存の20兆ドルの国債に上積みされる。CBOは2017年12月21日に「全体的に純連邦歳入と支出の変化の複合的影響は赤字の減少(主に歳出の削減から生じる)は低所得の税務申告単位に割り当てられ、赤字の増加(主に税の削減から生じる)は高所得の税務申告単位に割り当てられる」と報告した。無党派の両院合同租税委員会も法律により2018年から2027年の期間には平均でGDPの水準は0.8%高くなり、雇用水準は0.6%、個人消費の水準は0.6%アップすると推定した。これらは高いレベルにあり、年間成長率よりは高くはないので10年間でマクロ経済に与える影響は比較的軽微なものとなる 個人の所得層別の影響分布は関係する仮定および測定された時点に基づいて大きく変化する。一般的に企業と高所得者層は主に恩恵を受けるが、低所得者層は初期の恩恵は時間と共に薄れていくか悪影響を受けることになると見込まれている。例えば、CBOとJCTは以下の様に推定している: * 2019年には所得が2万ドル以下のグループ(納税者の約23%)は主にACAの個人加入義務が廃止されることで受け取る補助金が減少することで赤字削減に寄与する(すなわち費用が発生する)。他のグループは主に減税により赤字増加に寄与する(すなわち恩恵を受ける) * 2021年、2023年及び2025年には所得が4万ドル以下のグループ(納税者の約43%)は赤字削減に寄与する一方で、所得が4万ドルを超えるグループは赤字増加に寄与する。 * 2027年には所得が7万5000ドル以下のグループ(納税者の約76%)は赤字削減に寄与する一方で、所得が7万5000ドルを超えるグループは赤字増加に寄与する タックス・ポリシー・センター(Tax Policy Center、TPC)は納税者の下位80%(収入14万9400ドル以下)は2018年に恩恵の35%、2025年に34%を受け、2027年には恩恵が無くなり、一部のグループは費用が発生する。TPCはまた、もし減税が立法とは別の支出削減によって賄われるのならば、大半の支出削減は低~中所得の納税者に影響を与え、減税の恩恵より大きくなるので納税者の72%は2019年以降悪影響を受けると推定した 法律はACAの個人加入義務を廃止することで一部の若年者や健康な人達が未加入を選択し結果として健康保険に加入する人が最大1300万人減少する見通しである。残りの健康でない人達はACAの代替により多くの保険料を支払うことになり、結果として更に保険に加入しない人が増加する メディアの批評家、シンクタンク及び学界は法案の悪影響 (例:より高い財政赤字、より高い貿易赤字、所得格差の悪化、より低い医療保障とより高い医療費)の観点から同法を攻め立て、特定の州や専門職への不相応な影響及び法案の提唱者による偽りの陳述があった。 下院は2017年12月19日に法案の最後から二番目のバージョンを可決したが、上院の手続き上の理由から小さな変更が必要であり改革案が下院で開催された。上院は12月20日に法案の最終版を51-48の賛成多数で可決し、同日に下院でも最終版が可決された。2017年12月22日にドナルド・トランプ大統領が法案に署名し成立した。この法案により導入される変更の殆どは2018年1月1日に有効となり、2017年の税には影響を及ぼさない。
dbp:acronym
TCJA
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dbr:Internal_Revenue_Code
dbp:agenciesaffected
dbr:Internal_Revenue_Service
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n9:1
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An Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018.
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wikipedia-en:Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017?oldid=1124129671&ns=0
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198451
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wikipedia-en:Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017