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Statements

Subject Item
dbr:Thurgood_Marshall
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サーグッド・マーシャル Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall 서굿 마셜 瑟古德·马歇尔 Thurgood Marshall ثورغود مارشال Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall Маршалл, Тэргуд Thurgood Marshall Тургуд Маршалл Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall
rdfs:comment
Thurgood Marshall (2 Juli 1908 – 24 Januari 1993) adalah seorang pengacara Amerika dan aktivis hak-hak sipil yang pernah menjabat sebagai Hakim di Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat dari Oktober 1967 sampai Oktober 1991. Marshall adalah hakim di pengadilan tertinggi di Amerika Serikat. Sebelum menjabat sebagai hakim, dia berhasil memenangkan beberapa perkara hukum di hadapan Mahkamah Agung, termasuk Brown v. Board of Education. Thurgood Marshall (Baltimore, 2 juli 1908 - Bethesda (Maryland), 24 januari 1993) was een Amerikaanse burgerrechtenadvocaat en de eerste Afro-Amerikaanse rechter van het Amerikaanse Hooggerechtshof. In de 24 jaar (1967-1991) dat hij Hooggerechtshofrechter was, stond Marshall bekend als liberale voorvechter van burgerrechten en de rechten van het individu (waaronder de rechten van verdachten en het recht op abortus) en als tegenstander van de doodstraf. Тэргуд Маршалл (англ. Thurgood Marshall; 2 июля 1908, Балтимор, Мэриленд, США — 24 января 1993, Бетесда, там же) — американский юрист, судья Верховного суда США с 30 августа 1967 года по 1 октября 1991 года. Стал первым афроамериканцем на этой должности. 瑟古德·马歇尔(英語:Thurgood Marshall,1908年7月2日-1993年1月24日),美国民权律师和法学家,1967年至1991年间担任美国最高法院大法官,他是第一位担任此职的非裔美國人。 Thurgood Marshall, né le 2 juillet 1908 à Baltimore (Maryland) et mort le 24 janvier 1993 à Bethesda (Maryland), est un avocat américain devenu célèbre par sa plaidoirie lors du cas Brown v. Board of Education à la Cour suprême des États-Unis, qui déclare la ségrégation raciale inconstitutionnelle dans les écoles publiques. Par la suite, il devient le premier afro-américain à siéger à la Cour suprême des États-Unis (1967-1991). Il y a marqué son passage par des avis rendus dans son domaine de prédilection, celui des droits civiques. ثورغود مارشال (بالإنجليزية: Thurgood Marshall)‏ (و. 1908 – 1993 م) هو قاض، ومحام من الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية ولد في بالتيمور، ماريلاند. كان مارشال أحد القضاة التسعة في المحكمة العليا للولايات المتحدة، و هو أول قاضٍ أسود عيّن في المحكمة. Thurgood Marshall, född 2 juli 1908 i Baltimore, Maryland, död 24 januari 1993 i Bethesda, Maryland, var en amerikansk jurist och från 1967 till 1991 domare i USA:s högsta domstol. Han var den första afroamerikanen att inneha denna position. Innan han blev domare var han advokat, och som sådan främst ihågkommen för sin framgångsrika argumentation i fallet Brown v. Board of Education, i vilket högsta domstolen dömde att rassegregerade skolor var emot konstitutionen. Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American civil rights lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1967 until 1991. He was the Supreme Court's first African-American justice. Prior to his judicial service, he was an attorney who fought for civil rights, leading the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. Marshall coordinated the assault on racial segregation in schools. He won 29 of the 32 civil rights cases he argued before the Supreme Court, culminating in the Court's landmark 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which rejected the separate but equal doctrine and held segregation in public education to be unconstitutional. President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Marshall to the Supreme Court in 196 Thurgood Marshall (2. července 1908 – 24. ledna 1993) byl americký právník a od roku 1967 do roku 1991 soudce Nejvyššího soudu Spojených států amerických. Byl historicky první Afroameričan, který se stal soudcem Nejvyššího soudu. V roce 1961 ho prezident John F. Kennedy jmenoval soudcem Odvolacího soudu USA. O čtyři roky později ho prezident Lyndon B. Johnson jmenoval generálním zástupcem, který před Nejvyšším soudem reprezentuje federální vládu USA. V roce 1967 ho prezident Johnson úspěšně nominoval na soudce Nejvyššího soudu, kterým zůstal celých 24 let. Thurgood Marshall (Baltimore, 2 de julho de 1908 – Bethesda, 24 de janeiro de 1993) foi um juiz associado da Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos de 2 de outubro de 1967 até 1 de outubro de 1991. Foi o 86° juiz associado e o primeiro juiz associado afro-americano dos Estados Unidos. Thurgood Marshall também é conhecido por ter atuado para garantir a independência do Quênia no início da década de 1960, chegando a visitar o local e a fazer lobby por sua emancipação política em Londres. Ficou responsável por elaborar uma Carta de Direitos para a constituição do país e a maior parte de seu texto foi inserido nela durante a sua oficialização em 1963. 서굿 마셜(Thurgood Marshall, 1908년 7월 2일 - 1993년 1월 24일)은 미 대법원의 첫 번째 흑인 법학자이다. 변호사로 성공가도를 달리고 있던 서굿 마셜은 린든 존슨 대통령에 의해 1967년 대법관으로 내정되어 1991년까지 그 직에 있었다. 사후에 1993년 11월 30일 빌 클린턴 대통령이 수여하는 자유훈장을 받았다. Thurgood Marshall (Baltimore, 2 de juliol de 1908 - Bethesda, 24 de gener de 1993) va ser jutge del Tribunal Suprem dels Estats Units des d'octubre de 1967 fins a octubre de 1991, convertint-se així en el primer afroamericà en el càrrec. Es va retirar del tribunal el 1991, per motius de salut. El llavors president George HW Bush va nominar , el qual després de ser confirmat pel Senat es va convertir en el successor de Marshall. Thurgood Marshall (Baltimore, 2 de julio de 1908 - Bethesda, 24 de enero de 1993) fue juez de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos desde octubre de 1967 hasta octubre de 1991, el primer afroestadounidense elegido para el puesto. Antes de convertirse en juez tuvo una exitosa carrera como abogado, con una alta tasa de éxito ante la Corte Suprema (fue quien más casos llevó ante esa instancia) y conocido por su victoria en el caso Brown contra Consejo de Educación. Fue designado luego por el presidente John F. Kennedy para trabajar en la del Segundo Circuito, y en 1965 el presidente Lyndon Johnson lo nombró primero procurador general y luego lo promovió a la Corte Suprema de Estados Unidos. Thurgood Marshall (* 2. Juli 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland; † 24. Januar 1993 in Bethesda, Maryland) war ein US-amerikanischer Jurist und der erste afroamerikanische Richter am Obersten Gerichtshof der USA. Er amtierte von 1967 bis 1991, als er sich aus gesundheitlichen Gründen von seinem Amt zurückzog. 2017 wurde sein Leben und Wirken zum Gegenstand des Films Marshall. サーグッド・マーシャル(Thurgood Marshall, 1908年7月2日 - 1993年1月24日)はアメリカ合衆国の法律家で、アフリカ系アメリカ人として初めて合衆国最高裁判所判事になった人物である。 Thurgood Marshall (Baltimora, 2 luglio 1908 – Bethesda, 24 gennaio 1993) è stato un giurista statunitense. Тургуд Маршалл (англ. Thurgood Marshall; 2 липня 1908—24 січня 1993) — член Верховного суду США, призначений 1967 року президентом Джонсоном. Правнук раба, учасник руху за громадянські права афроамериканців у США. Як адвокат Національної асоціації сприяння прогресу кольорового населення виграв справу » у 1954 році. Перший афроамериканець, який став членом Верховного Суду США. Thurgood Marshall (ur. 2 lipca 1908 w Baltimore, zm. 24 stycznia 1993 w Bethesda) – amerykański prawnik. Pierwszy czarnoskóry sędzia w Sądzie Najwyższym USA (1967–1991). Ojciec William Marshall, żona Vivian „Buster” Burey (zmarła w 1955), później Cecelia „Ciccy”. W 1930 ukończył studia na w Chester.
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Thoroughgood Marshall
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Lyndon B. Johnson
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1991-10-01 1965-08-23 1967-08-30
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Thurgood Marshall (Baltimore, 2 de julho de 1908 – Bethesda, 24 de janeiro de 1993) foi um juiz associado da Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos de 2 de outubro de 1967 até 1 de outubro de 1991. Foi o 86° juiz associado e o primeiro juiz associado afro-americano dos Estados Unidos. Thurgood Marshall também é conhecido por ter atuado para garantir a independência do Quênia no início da década de 1960, chegando a visitar o local e a fazer lobby por sua emancipação política em Londres. Ficou responsável por elaborar uma Carta de Direitos para a constituição do país e a maior parte de seu texto foi inserido nela durante a sua oficialização em 1963. Antes de se tornar juiz, Marshall era um advogado famoso pelo seu histórico bem sucedido em debater sobre questões raciais em tribunais federais e na Suprema Corte durante o movimento dos direitos civis, graças a isso ficou conhecido como "Senhor Direitos Civis (Mr. Civil Rights)". O caso mais conhecido em que Thurgood Marshall debateu diante da Suprema Corte foi Brown v. Board of Education, cuja decisão impediu a segregação racial nas escolas públicas e derrubou a doutrina de Plessy v. Ferguson. Em 1961, Thurgood foi nomeado pelo presidente John F. Kennedy para atuar no Segundo Circuito de Cortes de Apelação, depois passou a atuar como advogado-geral sendo nomeado pelo presidente Lyndon Johnson em 1965. O Presidente Johnson o nomeou para a suprema corte em 1967, sucedendo o juiz associado Tom C. Clark. Marshall se aposentou durante a administração do presidente George H. W. Bush e foi sucedido por Clarence Thomas. Thurgood Marshall foi influenciado indiretamente por seu pai a estudar direito e iniciou sua educação jurídica na Universidade Lincoln e a terminou na Escola jurídica da Universidade Howard. Durante o seu último ano em Lincoln, Marshall se casou com Vivien Burey em 1929. Os dois foram casados por 26 anos e não tiveram filhos, pois ela sofreu abortos espontâneos durante o casamento e morreu de câncer em 1955. Alguns meses após a morte de Vivien, Marshall se casou com Cecilia Suyat, com quem teve dois filhos: Thurgood Marshall Jr. e John William Marshall. Thurgood e Cecilia foram casados até o dia da morte dele no Hospital Militar Nacional de Walter Reed em 1993. Thurgood Marshall se encontra sepultado no Cemitério Nacional de Arlington com a sepultura próxima a de outros juízes associados da Suprema Corte. Entre as homenagens que lhe foram feitas podem se destacar o Tribunal Americano Thurgood Marshall, o prêmio Thurgood Marshall da American Bar Association e o filme Marshall. As principais honrarias para Thurgood Marshall foram a Medalha Spingarn, o Four Freedoms Award, a Philadelphia Liberty Medal, a Medalha Benjamin Franklin e a Medalha Presidencial da Liberdade. Thurgood Marshall, född 2 juli 1908 i Baltimore, Maryland, död 24 januari 1993 i Bethesda, Maryland, var en amerikansk jurist och från 1967 till 1991 domare i USA:s högsta domstol. Han var den första afroamerikanen att inneha denna position. Innan han blev domare var han advokat, och som sådan främst ihågkommen för sin framgångsrika argumentation i fallet Brown v. Board of Education, i vilket högsta domstolen dömde att rassegregerade skolor var emot konstitutionen. 서굿 마셜(Thurgood Marshall, 1908년 7월 2일 - 1993년 1월 24일)은 미 대법원의 첫 번째 흑인 법학자이다. 변호사로 성공가도를 달리고 있던 서굿 마셜은 린든 존슨 대통령에 의해 1967년 대법관으로 내정되어 1991년까지 그 직에 있었다. 사후에 1993년 11월 30일 빌 클린턴 대통령이 수여하는 자유훈장을 받았다. Thurgood Marshall (ur. 2 lipca 1908 w Baltimore, zm. 24 stycznia 1993 w Bethesda) – amerykański prawnik. Pierwszy czarnoskóry sędzia w Sądzie Najwyższym USA (1967–1991). Ojciec William Marshall, żona Vivian „Buster” Burey (zmarła w 1955), później Cecelia „Ciccy”. W 1930 ukończył studia na w Chester. Thurgood Marshall, né le 2 juillet 1908 à Baltimore (Maryland) et mort le 24 janvier 1993 à Bethesda (Maryland), est un avocat américain devenu célèbre par sa plaidoirie lors du cas Brown v. Board of Education à la Cour suprême des États-Unis, qui déclare la ségrégation raciale inconstitutionnelle dans les écoles publiques. Par la suite, il devient le premier afro-américain à siéger à la Cour suprême des États-Unis (1967-1991). Il y a marqué son passage par des avis rendus dans son domaine de prédilection, celui des droits civiques. サーグッド・マーシャル(Thurgood Marshall, 1908年7月2日 - 1993年1月24日)はアメリカ合衆国の法律家で、アフリカ系アメリカ人として初めて合衆国最高裁判所判事になった人物である。 Thurgood Marshall (2 Juli 1908 – 24 Januari 1993) adalah seorang pengacara Amerika dan aktivis hak-hak sipil yang pernah menjabat sebagai Hakim di Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat dari Oktober 1967 sampai Oktober 1991. Marshall adalah hakim di pengadilan tertinggi di Amerika Serikat. Sebelum menjabat sebagai hakim, dia berhasil memenangkan beberapa perkara hukum di hadapan Mahkamah Agung, termasuk Brown v. Board of Education. Marshall lahir di Baltimore, Maryland. Dia lulus dari pada tahun 1933. Ia bekerja sebagai pengacara di Baltimore sebelum mendirikan , tempat ia menjabat sebagai direktur eksekutif. Pada saat menjabat di NAACP, dia mengajukan beberapa perkara ke Mahkamah Agung AS, seperti , , dan Brown v. Board of Education. Putusan perkara yang disebut terakhir menyatakan bahwa segregasi rasial dalam sistem pendidikan publik merupakan pelanggaran terhadap Klausul Perlindungan Setara. Pada tahun 1961, Presiden John F. Kennedy mengangkat Marshall ke Pengadilan Banding Amerika Serikat untuk Sirkuit Kedua. Empat tahun kemudian, Presiden Lyndon B. Johnson menunjuk Marshall sebagai . Pada tahun 1967, Johnson sukses menominasikan Marshall untuk menggantikan Hakim Agung Tom C. Clark yang pensiun sebagai Hakim Agung Mahkamah Agung AS. Marshall pensiun pada masa pemerintahan Presiden George HW Bush pada tahun 1991, dan digantikan oleh Clarence Thomas. Thurgood Marshall (* 2. Juli 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland; † 24. Januar 1993 in Bethesda, Maryland) war ein US-amerikanischer Jurist und der erste afroamerikanische Richter am Obersten Gerichtshof der USA. Er amtierte von 1967 bis 1991, als er sich aus gesundheitlichen Gründen von seinem Amt zurückzog. 2017 wurde sein Leben und Wirken zum Gegenstand des Films Marshall. Thurgood Marshall (Baltimore, 2 juli 1908 - Bethesda (Maryland), 24 januari 1993) was een Amerikaanse burgerrechtenadvocaat en de eerste Afro-Amerikaanse rechter van het Amerikaanse Hooggerechtshof. In de 24 jaar (1967-1991) dat hij Hooggerechtshofrechter was, stond Marshall bekend als liberale voorvechter van burgerrechten en de rechten van het individu (waaronder de rechten van verdachten en het recht op abortus) en als tegenstander van de doodstraf. Thurgood Marshall (Baltimora, 2 luglio 1908 – Bethesda, 24 gennaio 1993) è stato un giurista statunitense. Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American civil rights lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1967 until 1991. He was the Supreme Court's first African-American justice. Prior to his judicial service, he was an attorney who fought for civil rights, leading the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. Marshall coordinated the assault on racial segregation in schools. He won 29 of the 32 civil rights cases he argued before the Supreme Court, culminating in the Court's landmark 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which rejected the separate but equal doctrine and held segregation in public education to be unconstitutional. President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Marshall to the Supreme Court in 1967. A staunch liberal, he frequently dissented as the Court became increasingly conservative. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Marshall attended Lincoln University and the Howard University School of Law. At Howard, he was mentored by Charles Hamilton Houston, who taught his students to be "social engineers" willing to use the law to fight for civil rights. Marshall opened a law practice in Baltimore but soon joined Houston at the NAACP in New York. They worked together on the segregation case of Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada; after Houston returned to Washington, Marshall took his place as special counsel of the NAACP, and he became director-counsel of the newly formed NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. He participated in numerous landmark Supreme Court cases involving civil rights, including Smith v. Allwright, Morgan v. Virginia, Shelley v. Kraemer, McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, Sweatt v. Painter, Brown, and Cooper v. Aaron. His approach to desegregation cases emphasized the use of sociological data to show that segregation was inherently unequal. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy appointed Marshall to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, where he favored a broad interpretation of constitutional protections. Four years later, Johnson appointed him as the U.S. Solicitor General. In 1967, Johnson nominated Marshall to replace Justice Tom C. Clark on the Supreme Court; despite opposition from Southern senators, he was confirmed by a vote of 69 to 11. He was often in the majority during the consistently liberal Warren Court period, but after appointments by President Richard Nixon made the Court more conservative, Marshall frequently found himself in dissent. His closest ally on the Court was Justice William J. Brennan Jr., and the two voted the same way in most cases. Marshall's jurisprudence was pragmatic and drew on his real-world experience. His most influential contribution to constitutional doctrine, the "sliding-scale" approach to the Equal Protection Clause, called on courts to apply a flexible balancing test instead of a more rigid tier-based analysis. He fervently opposed the death penalty, which in his view constituted cruel and unusual punishment; he and Brennan dissented in more than 1,400 cases in which the majority refused to review a death sentence. He favored a robust interpretation of the First Amendment in decisions such as Stanley v. Georgia, and he supported abortion rights in Roe v. Wade and other cases. Marshall retired from the Supreme Court in 1991 and was replaced by Clarence Thomas. He died in 1993. Тэргуд Маршалл (англ. Thurgood Marshall; 2 июля 1908, Балтимор, Мэриленд, США — 24 января 1993, Бетесда, там же) — американский юрист, судья Верховного суда США с 30 августа 1967 года по 1 октября 1991 года. Стал первым афроамериканцем на этой должности. Thurgood Marshall (Baltimore, 2 de juliol de 1908 - Bethesda, 24 de gener de 1993) va ser jutge del Tribunal Suprem dels Estats Units des d'octubre de 1967 fins a octubre de 1991, convertint-se així en el primer afroamericà en el càrrec. Abans de convertir-se en jutge va tenir una reeixida carrera com a advocat, amb una alta taxa d'èxit davant del Tribunal Suprem (va ser qui més casos va portar davant d'aquesta instància) i sobretot conegut per la seva victòria en el cas Brown contra el Consell d'Educació. Va ser designat més tard pel president John F. Kennedy per treballar a la Cort Federal d'Apel·lacions del Segon Circuit, i el 1965 el president Lyndon Johnson el va nomenar primer procurador general i després el va promoure al Tribunal Suprem dels Estats Units. Es va retirar del tribunal el 1991, per motius de salut. El llavors president George HW Bush va nominar , el qual després de ser confirmat pel Senat es va convertir en el successor de Marshall. 瑟古德·马歇尔(英語:Thurgood Marshall,1908年7月2日-1993年1月24日),美国民权律师和法学家,1967年至1991年间担任美国最高法院大法官,他是第一位担任此职的非裔美國人。 Тургуд Маршалл (англ. Thurgood Marshall; 2 липня 1908—24 січня 1993) — член Верховного суду США, призначений 1967 року президентом Джонсоном. Правнук раба, учасник руху за громадянські права афроамериканців у США. Як адвокат Національної асоціації сприяння прогресу кольорового населення виграв справу » у 1954 році. Перший афроамериканець, який став членом Верховного Суду США. Thurgood Marshall (2. července 1908 – 24. ledna 1993) byl americký právník a od roku 1967 do roku 1991 soudce Nejvyššího soudu Spojených států amerických. Byl historicky první Afroameričan, který se stal soudcem Nejvyššího soudu. Narodil se ve městě Baltimore ve státě Maryland a v roce 1933 vystudoval právnickou fakultu na . Po studiu si založil soukromou praxi, než vstoupil do občanskoprávní organizace , kde působil jako výkonný ředitel. Během působení v této organizaci vedl několik líčení u Nejvyššího soudu, například případy , nebo slavný Brown vs. školní rada Topeky, který stanovil, že rasová segregace ve školách je protiústavní. V roce 1961 ho prezident John F. Kennedy jmenoval soudcem Odvolacího soudu USA. O čtyři roky později ho prezident Lyndon B. Johnson jmenoval generálním zástupcem, který před Nejvyšším soudem reprezentuje federální vládu USA. V roce 1967 ho prezident Johnson úspěšně nominoval na soudce Nejvyššího soudu, kterým zůstal celých 24 let. ثورغود مارشال (بالإنجليزية: Thurgood Marshall)‏ (و. 1908 – 1993 م) هو قاض، ومحام من الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية ولد في بالتيمور، ماريلاند. كان مارشال أحد القضاة التسعة في المحكمة العليا للولايات المتحدة، و هو أول قاضٍ أسود عيّن في المحكمة. Thurgood Marshall (Baltimore, 2 de julio de 1908 - Bethesda, 24 de enero de 1993) fue juez de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos desde octubre de 1967 hasta octubre de 1991, el primer afroestadounidense elegido para el puesto. Antes de convertirse en juez tuvo una exitosa carrera como abogado, con una alta tasa de éxito ante la Corte Suprema (fue quien más casos llevó ante esa instancia) y conocido por su victoria en el caso Brown contra Consejo de Educación. Fue designado luego por el presidente John F. Kennedy para trabajar en la del Segundo Circuito, y en 1965 el presidente Lyndon Johnson lo nombró primero procurador general y luego lo promovió a la Corte Suprema de Estados Unidos. Se retiró de la corte suprema en 1991, por motivos de salud.​​ El entonces presidente George H. W. Bush nominó a Clarence Thomas, quien luego de ser confirmado por el Senado se convirtió en el sucesor de Marshall.​​​​
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