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Title IX 教育法修正案第九条 Titre IX Title IX Раздел IX الباب التاسع Title IX Title IX Title IX
rdfs:comment
الباب التاسع هو الاسم الأكثر استخدامًا لقانون الحقوق المدنية الفيدرالية في الولايات المتحدة والذي جرى سنه كجزء (الباب التاسع) من تعديلات التعليم لعام 1972. وهو يحظر التمييز على أساس الجنس في أي مدرسة أو أي برنامج تعليمي آخر يتلقى التمويل من الحكومة الفيدرالية. وهو القانون العام رقم 92-318، 86. 235 (يونيو 23، 1972)، المشرع في 20 يو. إس. سي. §§ 1681-1688. كان الغرض من الباب التاسع من التعديلات التعليمية لعام 1972 هو تحديث الباب السابع من قانون الحقوق المدنية لعام 1964، الذي يحظر عدة أشكال من التمييز في التوظيف، لكنه لم يعالج أو يذكر التمييز في التعليم. Title IX är en amerikansk lag från 1972, "Public Law No. 92‑318, 86 Stat. 235" (23 juni 1972). Den säger 教育法修正案第九条是于1972年6月23日实施的美国法律，规定任何人都不应该因为性别的原因被排除在由联邦资助的教育和活动计划之外，不能被剥夺这个计划和活动提供的待遇，也不能因性别原因受到这个计划和活动的歧视。 简而言之，这个条款禁止接受联邦经费的教育机构有任何性别歧视行为，它适用于由联邦资助的教育机构的任何教育计划，包括入学、招生、课程设置、职业教育、体育教育等各个方面。无论是幼儿园，还是大学，无论是公立学校，还是私立学校，只要接受了联邦资助，就受这个条款的约束。如果某个教育机构被发现违反了教育修正案第9条，那么它的联邦经费就会被取消。 Title IX é o nome mais comumente usado para a lei federal de direitos civis nos Estados Unidos da América que foi aprovada como parte (Título IX) das Emendas de Educação de 1972. Ela proíbe a discriminação com base no sexo em qualquer escola ou qualquer outro programa educacional que receba financiamento do governo federal. Trata-se da Lei Pública nº 92-318, 86 Stat. 235 (23 de junho de 1972), codificado em 20 USC §§ 1681–1688. Title IX (= § 9) des United States Education Amendments of 1972, Public Law No. 92‑318, 86 Stat. 235 (23. Juni 1972), codified at 20 U.S.C. §§ 1681–1688, eingebracht durch Senator Birch Bayh, hat einen bedeutenden Aufschwung des amerikanischen Frauensports bewirkt. In einer Vielzahl von Gerichtsprozessen haben vor allem die Eltern von Schülerinnen bzw. Studentinnen einen bedeutenden Aufschwung des Frauensports erzwungen, der bis 1972 weit hinter dem Sport für die männliche Jugend bzw. der Männer zurückstand. Inzwischen hat dies durchaus zu einer Bewusstseinsveränderung geführt. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, sekarang dikenal dengan nama Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act untuk menghargai pencetusnya, tetapi dikenal dengan nama Title IX, adalah hukum AS sepanjang 37 kata yang diresmikan pada 23 Juni 1972 yang menyatakan: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." Hukum ini mencakup semua kegiatan pendidikan, termasuk olahraga, kesehatan, fasilitas asrama, band sekolah, dan cheerleaders. Раздел IX (англ. Title IX, с 2002 года Закон Пэтси Такемото Минк о равных возможностях в образовании, Patsy Takemoto Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act) — США, запрещающий дискриминацию по половому признаку в рамках образовательных программ. Title IX is the most commonly used name for the federal civil rights law in the United States that was enacted as part (Title IX) of the Education Amendments of 1972. It prohibits sex-based discrimination in any school or any other education program that receives funding from the federal government. This is Public Law No. 92‑318, 86 Stat. 235 (June 23, 1972), codified at 20 U.S.C. §§ 1681–1688. Titre IX est le nom usuel de l'amendement Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 voté en 1972 aux États-Unis qui interdit toute discrimination sur la base du sexe dans les programmes d'éducation soutenus par l’État. Il constitue aussi une des bases dans la lutte contre les violences sexuelles dans l'enseignement supérieur aux États-Unis.
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Birch Bayh
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Senate
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Title IX
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1972-06-23
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Education Amendments of 1972
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No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.
dbo:abstract
الباب التاسع هو الاسم الأكثر استخدامًا لقانون الحقوق المدنية الفيدرالية في الولايات المتحدة والذي جرى سنه كجزء (الباب التاسع) من تعديلات التعليم لعام 1972. وهو يحظر التمييز على أساس الجنس في أي مدرسة أو أي برنامج تعليمي آخر يتلقى التمويل من الحكومة الفيدرالية. وهو القانون العام رقم 92-318، 86. 235 (يونيو 23، 1972)، المشرع في 20 يو. إس. سي. §§ 1681-1688. كتب السناتور بيرش بايه 37 كلمة من الباب التاسع. قدم بايه لأول مرة تعديلًا على قانون التعليم العالي لحظر التمييز على أساس الجنس في 6 أغسطس عام 1971 ومرة أخرى في 28 فبراير عام 1972، عندما أقره مجلس الشيوخ. ثم عقدت النائبة إديث غرين، رئيسة اللجنة الفرعية للتعليم، جلسات استماع حول التمييز ضد المرأة، وقدمت تشريعات في مجلس النواب في 11 مايو عام 1972. وأقر الكونغرس الباب التاسع في 8 يونيو عام 1972. ومع محاولات إضعاف الباب التاسع، برزت النائبة باتسي مينك كقائدة في مجلس النواب لحماية القانون، وقد تغير اسم القانون لاحقًا إلى قانون باتسي مينك لتكافؤ الفرص في التعليم بعد وفاة مينك في عام 2002. عندما جرى إقرار الباب التاسع في عام 1972، كان 42 في المئة فقط من الطلاب المسجلين في الكليات الأمريكية من الإناث. كان الغرض من الباب التاسع من التعديلات التعليمية لعام 1972 هو تحديث الباب السابع من قانون الحقوق المدنية لعام 1964، الذي يحظر عدة أشكال من التمييز في التوظيف، لكنه لم يعالج أو يذكر التمييز في التعليم. Title IX is the most commonly used name for the federal civil rights law in the United States that was enacted as part (Title IX) of the Education Amendments of 1972. It prohibits sex-based discrimination in any school or any other education program that receives funding from the federal government. This is Public Law No. 92‑318, 86 Stat. 235 (June 23, 1972), codified at 20 U.S.C. §§ 1681–1688. Senator Birch Bayh wrote the 37 words of Title IX. Bayh first introduced an amendment to the Higher Education Act to ban discrimination on the basis of sex on August 6, 1971 and again on February 28, 1972, when it passed the Senate. Representative Edith Green, chair of the Subcommittee on Education, had held hearings on discrimination against women, and introduced legislation in the House on May 11, 1972. The full Congress passed Title IX on June 8, 1972. Representative Patsy Mink emerged in the House to lead efforts to protect Title IX against attempts to weaken it, and it was later renamed the Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act following Mink's death in 2002. When Title IX was passed in 1972, only 42 percent of the students enrolled in American colleges were female. The purpose of Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 was to update Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned several forms of discrimination in employment, but did not address or mention discrimination in education. Title IX är en amerikansk lag från 1972, "Public Law No. 92‑318, 86 Stat. 235" (23 juni 1972). Den säger Titre IX est le nom usuel de l'amendement Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 voté en 1972 aux États-Unis qui interdit toute discrimination sur la base du sexe dans les programmes d'éducation soutenus par l’État. Il constitue aussi une des bases dans la lutte contre les violences sexuelles dans l'enseignement supérieur aux États-Unis. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, sekarang dikenal dengan nama Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act untuk menghargai pencetusnya, tetapi dikenal dengan nama Title IX, adalah hukum AS sepanjang 37 kata yang diresmikan pada 23 Juni 1972 yang menyatakan: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." Hukum ini mencakup semua kegiatan pendidikan, termasuk olahraga, kesehatan, fasilitas asrama, band sekolah, dan cheerleaders. Title IX (= § 9) des United States Education Amendments of 1972, Public Law No. 92‑318, 86 Stat. 235 (23. Juni 1972), codified at 20 U.S.C. §§ 1681–1688, eingebracht durch Senator Birch Bayh, hat einen bedeutenden Aufschwung des amerikanischen Frauensports bewirkt. Nach dem Gesetz darf keine Person in den USA aufgrund ihres Geschlechts von der Teilnahme an Erziehungsprogrammen ausgeschlossen werden bzw. die Vorteile solcher Programme vorenthalten bekommen, sofern das Programm finanziell von der Bundesregierung unterstützt wird. Da das gesamte Schulwesen (auch die meisten Privatschulen) solche Zuschüsse bekommen, bezieht es sich auf faktisch alle Schulen und Hochschulen. Da der amerikanische Wettkampfsport im Wesentlichen von den Bildungseinrichtungen und nicht von Vereinen getragen wird, hat Title IX die größte Auswirkung (sowie Öffentlichkeitswirkung) im Wettkampfsport. In einer Vielzahl von Gerichtsprozessen haben vor allem die Eltern von Schülerinnen bzw. Studentinnen einen bedeutenden Aufschwung des Frauensports erzwungen, der bis 1972 weit hinter dem Sport für die männliche Jugend bzw. der Männer zurückstand. Inzwischen hat dies durchaus zu einer Bewusstseinsveränderung geführt. Um die relative Chancengleichheit zu überprüfen, hat sich ein dreiteiliger Test durchgesetzt, wobei wenigstens eine der drei Bedingungen erfüllt sein muss, damit das Ziel der Gleichberechtigung erfüllt werden kann. Hierbei gilt: * Alle Ausgaben (für den Sport) müssen im Prinzip proportional zur Anzahl der männlichen und weiblichen Teilnehmer an den Sportprogrammen sein. * Männliche und weibliche Athleten müssen gleichberechtigt Zugang zu Möglichkeiten, Begünstigungen, Sportstätten haben. * Sportliche Interessen und Fähigkeiten von männlichen und weiblichen Teilnehmern an Sportprogrammen müssen gleich effektiv berücksichtigt werden. Dies kann man erreichen durch * proportionale Teilnahme von Frauen und Männern am Sportprogramm entsprechend ihrer Anzahl an der Studentenschaft * einen kontinuierlichen Anstieg der Anzahl der Teilnehmer des unterrepräsentierten Geschlechtes (typischerweise der Frauen) * Auch wenn weniger Frauen als Männer im Sportprogramm aktiv sind, müssen sie dennoch entsprechend ihrer Möglichkeiten optimal gefördert werden. Dies hat dazu geführt, dass von 1971/72 die Anzahl der männlichen Teilnehmer am Sport in der Highschool bis 2011/12 von 3,7 Mio. auf 4,5 Mio. Teilnehmer angestiegen ist, während der der Schülerinnen von 300.000 auf 3,2 Mio. anstieg. Beim College-Wettkampfsport, wo die Vergabe von Leistungssportstipendien eine viel größere Rolle spielt, war im gleichen Zeitraum der Anstieg von 170.000 auf 256.000 bei der Athleten und 30.000 auf 193.000 bei den Athletinnen. Zwar haben die Männer große Mannschaften im American Football, denen nichts Vergleichbares bei den Frauen entspricht, doch bei allen anderen Sportarten herrscht annähernd Gleichstand. Allerdings gibt es vor allem männliche Cheftrainer, denen dann männliche und weibliche Trainerassistentenstellen zugeordnet sind. Um eine entsprechende Anzahl von Wettkampfsport treibender Frauen zu bekommen, haben amerikanische Hochschulen regelmäßig auch Leistungssportlerinnen aus dem Ausland rekrutiert. Hiervon haben vor allem Studentinnen aus englischsprachigen Entwicklungsländern profitiert. Title IX é o nome mais comumente usado para a lei federal de direitos civis nos Estados Unidos da América que foi aprovada como parte (Título IX) das Emendas de Educação de 1972. Ela proíbe a discriminação com base no sexo em qualquer escola ou qualquer outro programa educacional que receba financiamento do governo federal. Trata-se da Lei Pública nº 92-318, 86 Stat. 235 (23 de junho de 1972), codificado em 20 USC §§ 1681–1688. O senador Birch Bayh escreveu as 37 palavras do Título IX. Bayh introduziu pela primeira vez uma emenda à Lei do Ensino Superior para proibir a discriminação com base no sexo em 6 de agosto de 1971 e novamente em 28 de fevereiro de 1972, quando foi aprovada no Senado. A deputada Edith Green, presidente do Subcomitê de Educação, realizou audiências sobre discriminação contra as mulheres e apresentou legislação na Câmara em 11 de maio de 1972. O Congresso completo aprovou o Título IX em 8 de junho de 1972. Com tentativas de enfraquecer o Título IX, a deputada Patsy Mink emergiu como líder na Câmara para proteger a lei, e mais tarde foi renomeada para Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act após a morte de Mink em 2002. Quando o Título IX foi aprovado em 1972, apenas 42% dos alunos matriculados em faculdades americanas eram mulheres. O objetivo do Título IX das Emendas Educacionais de 1972 era atualizar o Título VII da Lei dos Direitos Civis de 1964, que proibia várias formas de discriminação no emprego, mas não abordava ou mencionava a discriminação na educação. Ao contrário da crença popular, a criação do Título IX não teve nada a ver com esportes. Раздел IX (англ. Title IX, с 2002 года Закон Пэтси Такемото Минк о равных возможностях в образовании, Patsy Takemoto Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act) — США, запрещающий дискриминацию по половому признаку в рамках образовательных программ. 教育法修正案第九条是于1972年6月23日实施的美国法律，规定任何人都不应该因为性别的原因被排除在由联邦资助的教育和活动计划之外，不能被剥夺这个计划和活动提供的待遇，也不能因性别原因受到这个计划和活动的歧视。 简而言之，这个条款禁止接受联邦经费的教育机构有任何性别歧视行为，它适用于由联邦资助的教育机构的任何教育计划，包括入学、招生、课程设置、职业教育、体育教育等各个方面。无论是幼儿园，还是大学，无论是公立学校，还是私立学校，只要接受了联邦资助，就受这个条款的约束。如果某个教育机构被发现违反了教育修正案第9条，那么它的联邦经费就会被取消。
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An Act to amend the Higher Education Act of 1965, the Vocational Education Act of 1963, the General Education Provisions Act , the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, Public Law 874, Eighty-first Congress, and related Acts, and for other purposes.
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§ 1681 et seq.
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wikipedia-en:Title_IX?oldid=1124766444&ns=0
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88802
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wikipedia-en:Title_IX