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Subject Item
dbr:William_Murray,_1st_Earl_of_Mansfield
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윌리엄 머리 William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield William Murray, 1º Conde de Mansfield William Murray, 1:e earl av Mansfield William Murray, 1. hrabě z Mansfieldu ويليام موراي (إيرل مانسفيلد الأول) William Murray, I conte di Mansfield William Murray, 1. Earl of Mansfield William Murray 第一代曼斯菲尔德伯爵威廉·默里
rdfs:comment
William Murray, SL, PC, né le 2 mars 1705 et mort le 20 mars 1793, 1er , est un barrister, homme politique et juge britannique connu pour sa réforme de la loi anglaise. Né dans la noblesse écossaise, il reçoit son éducation à Perth avant de déménager à l'âge de 13 ans pour étudier à la Westminster School. Il est accepté au collège Christ Church de l'université d'Oxford en mai 1723, et acquiert rapidement une bonne réputation en tant que barrister. William Murray, I conte di Mansfield (Scone, 2 marzo 1705 – Highgate, 20 marzo 1793), è stato un magistrato e politico britannico. William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield, PC, SL (2 March 1705 – 20 March 1793) was a British barrister, politician and judge noted for his reform of English law. Born to Scottish nobility, he was educated in Perth, Scotland, before moving to London at the age of 13 to take up a place at Westminster School. He was accepted into Christ Church, Oxford, in May 1723, and graduated four years later. Returning to London from Oxford, he was called to the Bar by Lincoln's Inn on 23 November 1730, and quickly gained a reputation as an excellent barrister. William Murray, 1:e earl av Mansfield, född den 2 mars 1705, död den 20 mars 1793, var en brittisk domare och politiker, son till , bror till och jakobiten , farbror till . Mansfield inträdde 1731 på den juridiska banan och blev snart en av advokatståndets ledande män genom sin praktiska duglighet och talarbegåvning samt sina omfattande kunskaper. Han blev 1742 medlem av underhuset och , var under de närmast följande åren regeringspolitikens främste försvarare i underhuset, blev 1754 attorney general i hertigens av Newcastle ministär och var 1754-56 underhusets ledare. År 1756 blev Mansfield lordöverdomare, upphöjdes samtidigt till peer som baron Mansfield och bibehöll under växlande ministärer i 15 år sin plats i kabinettet. År 1776 upphöjdes han till och 1788 tog han avsked från lordöv 윌리엄 머리 경(1705년 3월 2일 – 1793년 3월 20일)은 영국의 변호사, 판사, 정치인이다. 제1대 맨스필드 백작이며, 영국법을 개혁한 인물로 매우 유명하다. 영국 대법관(Lord Chief Justice)을 지냈다. 영국에서 Lord Chief Justice는 Lord Chancellor 다음으로 사법부의 2인자로서, 고위귀족인 대법관(lord chief justice)이 국가의 사법체계를 책임지고 그 아래로 각 주에 파견된 고등판사(justiciar)가 있었다. 윌리엄 머리는 "자유란 법치 정부 아래 사는 것이다"라고 말했다. ويليام موراي، إيرل مانسفيلد الأول (بالإنجليزية: William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield)‏، كان عضوًا المجلس الخاص للملكة المتحدة (بّي سي)، ودكتور في القانون المدني (إس إل) (2 مارس 1705 - 20 مارس 1793) هو محام بالقضاء العالي وسياسيّ وقاضي بريطاني اشتهر بإصلاحاته في القانون الإنجليزي. ولد في أسرة من طبقة النبلاء الاسكتلنديين، وتلقى تعليمه في بيرث، اسكتلندا، قبل أن ينتقل إلى لندن في سن الثالثة عشرة ليلتحق بمدرسة وستمنستر. قُبِلَ في كنيسة المسيح، أكسفورد، في مايو 1723، وتخرج بعد أربع سنوات. بعد عودته إلى لندن من أكسفورد، منحته جمعية لنكولن إجازة المحاماة في 23 نوفمبر 1730، وسرعان ما اكتسب سمعة محام ممتاز. William Murray, 1. hrabě z Mansfieldu (William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield, 1st Baron Mansfield) (2. března 1705, Scone Palace, Skotsko – 20. března 1793, Kenwood House, Londýn, Anglie) byl britský právník a politik. Od mládí zastával vysoké funkce v anglické justici, nakonec byl historicky nejdéle úřadujícím lordem nejvyšším sudím (1756–1788). Z titulu svých funkcí byl iniciátorem četných reforem britského právního systému, souběžně byl vlivným politikem strany toryů. Od roku 1756 byl s titulem barona členem Sněmovny lordů, v roce 1776 byl povýšen na hraběte. Jeho dědicem byl synovec David Murray, 2. hrabě z Mansfieldu (1727–1796), dlouholetý diplomat a nakonec ministr zahraničí. William Murray, 1. Earl of Mansfield (* 2. März 1705 in Scone Palace, Perthshire, Schottland; † 20. März 1793 in Kenwood House, London) war ein schottischer Barrister, Politiker und Richter. William Murray, 1º Conde de Mansfield, (2 de março de 1705 - 20 de março de 1793) foi um advogado, político e juiz britânico conhecido por sua reforma da lei inglesa.
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Lord Chancellor
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John Fuller 1754–55 George Gregory 1742–46 Sir Cecil Bishopp 1755–56 Hon. Lewis Monson Watson 1750–54 Earl of Dalkeith 1746–50
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Portrait of Mansfield by Jean-Baptiste van Loo
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dbr:William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland dbr:Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington dbr:Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne
dbp:residence
dbr:Kenwood_House
dbp:rows
2
dbp:spouse
Elizabeth Finch
dbp:successor
dbr:Henry_Bilson_Legge dbr:Robert_Henley,_1st_Earl_of_Northington dbr:Lloyd_Kenyon,_1st_Baron_Kenyon dbr:Richard_Lloyd_(died_1761) The Lord Thurlow as Lord Chancellor
dbp:termEnd
1754-03-06 1757-04-08 1756-11-08 1788-06-04 1783-12-23
dbp:termStart
1754-03-06 February 1783 1757-04-05 1756-11-08 1742-12-15
dbp:title
dbr:Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales dbr:Baron_Mansfield dbr:Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales dbr:Solicitor_General_for_England_and_Wales dbr:Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer dbr:Lord_Speaker dbr:Earl_of_Mansfield Member of Parliament for Boroughbridge
dbp:years
1783 1776 1792 1742 1756 1757 1754
dbo:abstract
William Murray, 1:e earl av Mansfield, född den 2 mars 1705, död den 20 mars 1793, var en brittisk domare och politiker, son till , bror till och jakobiten , farbror till . Mansfield inträdde 1731 på den juridiska banan och blev snart en av advokatståndets ledande män genom sin praktiska duglighet och talarbegåvning samt sina omfattande kunskaper. Han blev 1742 medlem av underhuset och , var under de närmast följande åren regeringspolitikens främste försvarare i underhuset, blev 1754 attorney general i hertigens av Newcastle ministär och var 1754-56 underhusets ledare. År 1756 blev Mansfield lordöverdomare, upphöjdes samtidigt till peer som baron Mansfield och bibehöll under växlande ministärer i 15 år sin plats i kabinettet. År 1776 upphöjdes han till och 1788 tog han avsked från lordöverdomarämbetet. Till sin politiska åskådning var Mansfield moderat tory, och som parlamentsdebattör var han endast den äldre Pitt underlägsen. Sin största berömmelse vann dock Mansfield som domare. Han anses som den engelska handelsrättens grundläggare, och vida berömt blev hans utslag i en rättegång 1771, då han beordrade en svart slavs frigivande med den motiveringen, att slaveri i och för sig är så motbjudande, att det inte kan tolereras, om det inte stadgas genom positiv lag, ett uttalande av stor betydelse i slavemancipationens historia. William Murray, I conte di Mansfield (Scone, 2 marzo 1705 – Highgate, 20 marzo 1793), è stato un magistrato e politico britannico. William Murray, 1. hrabě z Mansfieldu (William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield, 1st Baron Mansfield) (2. března 1705, Scone Palace, Skotsko – 20. března 1793, Kenwood House, Londýn, Anglie) byl britský právník a politik. Od mládí zastával vysoké funkce v anglické justici, nakonec byl historicky nejdéle úřadujícím lordem nejvyšším sudím (1756–1788). Z titulu svých funkcí byl iniciátorem četných reforem britského právního systému, souběžně byl vlivným politikem strany toryů. Od roku 1756 byl s titulem barona členem Sněmovny lordů, v roce 1776 byl povýšen na hraběte. Jeho dědicem byl synovec David Murray, 2. hrabě z Mansfieldu (1727–1796), dlouholetý diplomat a nakonec ministr zahraničí. William Murray, SL, PC, né le 2 mars 1705 et mort le 20 mars 1793, 1er , est un barrister, homme politique et juge britannique connu pour sa réforme de la loi anglaise. Né dans la noblesse écossaise, il reçoit son éducation à Perth avant de déménager à l'âge de 13 ans pour étudier à la Westminster School. Il est accepté au collège Christ Church de l'université d'Oxford en mai 1723, et acquiert rapidement une bonne réputation en tant que barrister. Impliqué dans la politique à partir de 1742, il est tout d'abord élu Membre du Parlement (« MP ») pour le borough de Boroughbridge, et est choisi pour le poste d'Avocat général. En l'absence d'un Procureur général assez puissant, il devient le principal porte-parole pour le gouvernement à la Chambre des communes, où il se fait remarquer pour son « grand talent d'éloquence » et est décrit comme « le meilleur orateur sans comparaison » de la Chambre. À la suite de la promotion de Sir Dudley Ryder en tant que Lord Chef de la Justice, il devient Procureur général, et lorsque Ryder meurt de manière inattendue quelques mois plus tard, c'est Mansfield qui prend sa place. En tant que Lord Chef de la Justice, Mansfield modernise à la fois la loi anglaise et le système des tribunaux anglais ; il accélère les dépôts de requêtes et réforme la manière dont les jugements sont donnés afin de réduire leur durée et leurs coûts pour les parties. À la suite des procès Carter vs Boehm et Pillans vs Van Mierop, il est considéré comme le fondateur du droit commercial anglais. Il est probablement plus connu pour son jugement dans l'affaire Somersett, où il conclut que l'esclavage est illégal en Angleterre (bien que cela n'arrête pas le trafic). William Murray, 1º Conde de Mansfield, (2 de março de 1705 - 20 de março de 1793) foi um advogado, político e juiz britânico conhecido por sua reforma da lei inglesa. William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield, PC, SL (2 March 1705 – 20 March 1793) was a British barrister, politician and judge noted for his reform of English law. Born to Scottish nobility, he was educated in Perth, Scotland, before moving to London at the age of 13 to take up a place at Westminster School. He was accepted into Christ Church, Oxford, in May 1723, and graduated four years later. Returning to London from Oxford, he was called to the Bar by Lincoln's Inn on 23 November 1730, and quickly gained a reputation as an excellent barrister. He became involved in politics in 1742, beginning with his election as a Member of Parliament for Boroughbridge, now in North Yorkshire, and appointment as Solicitor General. In the absence of a strong Attorney General, he became the main spokesman for the government in the House of Commons, and was noted for his "great powers of eloquence" and described as "beyond comparison the best speaker" in the House of Commons. With the promotion of Sir Dudley Ryder to Lord Chief Justice in 1754, he became Attorney General, and when Ryder unexpectedly died several months later, he took his place as Chief Justice. As the most powerful British jurist of the century, Mansfield's decisions reflected the Age of Enlightenment and moved the country onto the path to abolishing slavery. He advanced commercial law in ways that helped establish the nation as world leader in industry, finance and trade. He modernised both English law and the English courts system; he rationalized the system for submitting motions and reformed the way judgments were delivered to reduce expense for the parties. For his work in Carter v Boehm and Pillans v Van Mierop, he has been called the founder of English commercial law. He is perhaps now best known for his judgment in Somersett's Case (1772), where he held that slavery had no basis in common law and had never been established by positive law (legislation) in England, and therefore was not binding in law; this judgement did not, however, outlaw the slave trade. However, historians note that Mansfield's ruling in the Somersett case only made it illegal to transport a slave out of England against his will, and did not comment on the institution of slavery itself. 윌리엄 머리 경(1705년 3월 2일 – 1793년 3월 20일)은 영국의 변호사, 판사, 정치인이다. 제1대 맨스필드 백작이며, 영국법을 개혁한 인물로 매우 유명하다. 영국 대법관(Lord Chief Justice)을 지냈다. 영국에서 Lord Chief Justice는 Lord Chancellor 다음으로 사법부의 2인자로서, 고위귀족인 대법관(lord chief justice)이 국가의 사법체계를 책임지고 그 아래로 각 주에 파견된 고등판사(justiciar)가 있었다. 윌리엄 머리는 "자유란 법치 정부 아래 사는 것이다"라고 말했다. William Murray, 1. Earl of Mansfield (* 2. März 1705 in Scone Palace, Perthshire, Schottland; † 20. März 1793 in Kenwood House, London) war ein schottischer Barrister, Politiker und Richter. ويليام موراي، إيرل مانسفيلد الأول (بالإنجليزية: William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield)‏، كان عضوًا المجلس الخاص للملكة المتحدة (بّي سي)، ودكتور في القانون المدني (إس إل) (2 مارس 1705 - 20 مارس 1793) هو محام بالقضاء العالي وسياسيّ وقاضي بريطاني اشتهر بإصلاحاته في القانون الإنجليزي. ولد في أسرة من طبقة النبلاء الاسكتلنديين، وتلقى تعليمه في بيرث، اسكتلندا، قبل أن ينتقل إلى لندن في سن الثالثة عشرة ليلتحق بمدرسة وستمنستر. قُبِلَ في كنيسة المسيح، أكسفورد، في مايو 1723، وتخرج بعد أربع سنوات. بعد عودته إلى لندن من أكسفورد، منحته جمعية لنكولن إجازة المحاماة في 23 نوفمبر 1730، وسرعان ما اكتسب سمعة محام ممتاز. بدأ المشاركة في السياسة عام 1742، بانتخابه عضوًا في البرلمان عن بوروبريدج، الآن في ويست يوركشاير، وتعيينه محاميًا عامًا (النائب العام المساعد). وبعدم وجود نائب عام قوي، أصبح موراي المتحدث الرسمي الرئيسي باسم الحكومة في مجلس عموم المملكة المتحدة، واشتهر بـ«قدراته البلاغية العظيمة» ووُصِف بأنه «أفضل المتحدثين بلا منافس» في مجلس العموم. مع ترقية السير دادلي رايدر إلى اللورد رئيس المحكمة (قاضي القضاة) في 1754، أصبح موراي النائب العام، وعندما توفي رايدر بشكل غير متوقع بعد عدة أشهر، أخذ مكانه رئيسًا للمحكمة. بصفته القانونيّ البريطانيّ الأكثر نفوذًا في القرن، عكست قرارات مانسفيلد عصر التنوير ودفعت البلاد إلى طريق إبطال الاسترقاق. طوَّر القانون التجاري على نحو ساعد بوضع الأمة الإنجليزية رائدًا عالميًا في الصناعة والتمويل والتجارة. وحدَّث كلًا من القانون الإنجليزي ونظام المحاكم الإنجليزية؛ فقام بترشيد نظام تقديم الدعاوى وإصلاح الطريقة التي كانت تصدر بها الأحكام لتقليل نفقات الأطراف. أُطلِق عليه لقب مؤسس القانون التجاري الإنجليزي لعمله في قضيتيّ كارتر ضد بوهيم وبيلانز ضد فان ميروب. قد يكون أكثر ما يُعرَف به موراي الآن حكمه في قضية سومرست (1772)، حيث اعتبر أن الاسترقاق لا أساس له في القانون العام ولم يُعتمد قط في القانون الوضعي (التشريع) في إنجلترا، وبالتالي فهو غير ملزمٍ قانونيًا؛ لكن هذا الحكم لم يضع نهاية للإتجار بالرقيق.
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