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Statements

Subject Item
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Zinā Зина (прелюбодеяние) 齊納 (伊斯蘭教) Zina (Islam) حد الزنى Zina (Hudud) ズィナー Zina Zina Zina
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ズィナー（アラビア語: زناء‎、DMG方式: zinā）とは、イスラム法（シャリーア）における犯罪行為で、婚外の性行為（強姦、結婚前性行為、売春、同性間の性行為など）および肛門性交を重罪としている。 Zina (bentuk tidak baku: zinah) adalah perbuatan persetubuhan antara laki-laki dan perempuan yang tidak terikat pernikahan atau perkawinan. Secara umum, zina bukan hanya di saat manusia telah melakukan hubungan seksual, tetapi segala aktivitas-aktivitas seksual yang dapat merusak kehormatan manusia termasuk dikategorikan zina. La ley islámica define zina (en árabe, ‫زنا‬‎ : zinā) como relaciones sexuales ilegales, es decir un acto sexual entre un hombre y una mujer que no se encuentran vinculados entre sí por el matrimonio.​ Comprende el sexo extramarital y el sexo prematrimonial.​​ El zina se encuentra tratado dentro de la jurisprudencia sexual islámica de Fiqh, la cual es una extensión del código de conducta Sharia contenido en el Corán. 齊納（阿拉伯语：زِنَاء‎）是伊斯蘭教法所指穆斯林在關係之外的非法性關係，包括外遇及婚前性行為，例如通奸（雙方同意的婚外性關係）、私通（未婚人士在雙方同意的情況下性交）及同性性行為（同性在雙方同意的情況下建立性關係）。 在遜尼派的四個法學派別及什葉派的兩個法學派別裡，齊納是伊斯蘭教法禁止的性交罪行，被歸類為（真主有固定懲罰的指定罪行）。要就齊納而定罪，伊斯蘭教法院的卡迪（宗教法官）要倚靠婦女未婚懷孕、供認及四位目擊實際插入行為的證人。在伊斯蘭教的歷史裡以齊納的罪名作出起訴的個案裡，倚靠後兩者的個案較罕見，最多的是未婚懷孕婦女。一些法學派別的法律規定，如果被起訴的懷孕婦女否認性行為是出於自願，她需要有四名證人在庭上作證，證明她是被強姦。這種規定導致許多個案裡的強姦受害者被指觸犯齊納而受到懲罰，但是也有地區例外，例如馬來西亞伊斯蘭黨的伊斯蘭固定刑事法草案中，就提出因被強姦而懷孕的婦女不會在刑事法下被提控。另外，在沒有證人的情況下指控他人干犯齊納會被視為誹謗，也是屬於侯杜德的罪行。 Zina (arabiska: زِنَاء, otukt) är en arabisk term som betyder sex före (hor) eller utanför heterosexuella äktenskap (äktenskapsbrott), vilka är brott enligt huvudreglerna inom islam. Individen har brutit mot Guds gränser som finns nämnda i Koranen. Knut S. Vikör anger i "Mellom Gud og Stat (2003)" att personerna kan dömas till spöstraff om båda var ogifta samt om kvinnan var oskuld vid den sexuella aktiviteten, medan en otrogen make/maka kan dömas till stening till döds. Dock står det inget om steningsstraff i Koranen. الزنى هو مصطلح ديني يصف العلاقة الجنسية بين الرجل والمرأة (خارج نطاق الزواج)، ويتحقق بإيلاج العضو الذكري في الجهاز التناسلي للمرأة، وفي الديانات بشكل عام، يعتبر الزنى من الكبائر ومن أعظم الخطايا. Zinā (arabisch زنا, DMG zinā ‚Ehebruch‘) bezeichnet im Islam den Geschlechtsverkehr zwischen Menschen, die nicht miteinander verheiratet sind und auch nicht in einem Konkubinatsverhältnis (Herr und Sklavin) zueinander stehen. Zina gilt als Verbrechen. Es wird mit einer sogenannten Hadd-Strafe belegt. Die Strafen reichen von Verbannung und Geißelung bis zur Todesstrafe. Diese wurde (Stand 2008) für Zina in Pakistan, Sudan (dort seit 2020 nur noch mit Freiheitsstrafe bedroht), Jemen, Afghanistan (in von den Taliban kontrollierten Gebieten), Saudi-Arabien und Iran vollzogen. In letzteren drei Ländern wird die Steinigung (radschm) praktiziert. Auch Prostitution und homosexueller Verkehr werden als Zina geahndet. Zināʾ (زِنَاء) or zinā (زِنًى or زِنًا) is an Islamic legal term referring to unlawful sexual intercourse. According to traditional jurisprudence, zina can include adultery, fornication, prostitution, rape, sodomy, incest, and bestiality. Zina must be proved by testimony of four Muslim eyewitnesses to the actual act of penetration, or a confession repeated four times and not retracted later. The offenders must have acted of their own free will. Rapists could be prosecuted under different legal categories which used normal evidentiary rules. Making an accusation of zina without presenting the required eyewitnesses is called qadhf (القذف), which is itself a hudud offense. Secondo il diritto islamico, il reato di zina riguarda le relazioni sessuali illecite, ossia pre- o extra-matrimoniali. Secondo le scuole shafi’ita, hanbalita, hanafita e secondo gli Sciiti, la pena della lapidazione è prevista solo per l'adultero sposato e il suo partner, a condizione che il crimine sia comprovato da 4 uomini adulti che abbiano assistito alla penetrazione o che sia stato reso tramite confessione.La lapidazione non è invece prevista dal Corano, che prevede solo la fustigazione. Зина́ (араб. زِنَا‎ — «прелюбодеяние») — в исламском праве (фикх) — незаконная половая связь между людьми, которые не состоят в браке. Во всех четырёх суннитских и двух шиитских мазхабах термин зина означает добровольный половой акт между мужчиной и женщиной, которые не состоят в браке друг с другом. В большинстве европейских языков существует различие между понятиями «прелюбодеяние» (то есть половой акт женатого мужчины не с женой, или замужней женщины не с мужем) и «блуд» (то есть половой акт между двумя не состоящими в браке людьми). Однако в исламском праве такого различия нет. Исламское законодательство предусматривает наказания для мусульман и немусульман на основе Корана и сунны пророка Мухаммада. Необходимость наличия четырёх надёжных свидетелей делает процедуру доказательства прес
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Ma'iz came to the Prophet and admitted having committed adultery four times in his presence so he ordered him to be stoned to death, but said to Huzzal: If you had covered him with your garment, it would have been better for you. "Nor come nigh to fornication/adultery: for it is a shameful and an evil, opening the road ." Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas: The Prophet said: If you find anyone doing as Lot's people did, kill the one who does it, and the one to whom it is done.
dbp:source
Qur'an, Sura 4 , ayat 16 1057.0 Qur'an, Sura 24 , ayat 2 Al-Tabarani in al-Mu‘jam al-Awat: 4157, Al-Bayhaqi, Su‘ab al-Iman: 5075 , 1058.0 Al-Istidhkaar, 7/146 Qur'an, Sura 24 , ayat 4–5 Islamic Laws of Malaysia 1066.0 Qur'an, Sura 17 , ayat 32 , trans. Sahih International
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"If two among you are guilty of lewdness, punish them both. If they repent and amend, Leave them alone; for Allah is Oft-returning, Most Merciful." "The woman and the man guilty of zināʾ ,- flog each of them with a hundred stripes: Let not compassion move you in their case, in a matter prescribed by Allah, if ye believe in Allah and the Last Day: and let a party of the Believers witness their punishment." Narrated 'Aisha: 'Utba bin Abi Waqqas said to his brother Sa'd bin Abi Waqqas, "The son of the slave girl of Zam'a is from me, so take him into your custody." So in the year of Conquest of Mecca, Sa'd took him and said. my brother's son whom my brother has asked me to take into my custody." 'Abd bin Zam'a got up before him and said, my brother and the son of the slave girl of my father, and was born on my father's bed." So they both submitted their case before Allah's Apostle. Sa'd said, "O Allah's Apostle! This boy is the son of my brother and he entrusted him to me." 'Abd bin Zam'a said, "This boy is my brother and the son of the slave girl of my father, and was born on the bed of my father." Allah's Apostle said, "The boy is for you, O 'Abd bin Zam'a!" Then Allah's Apostle further said, "The child is for the owner of the bed, and the stone is for the adulterer," He then said to Sauda bint Zam'a, "Veil yourself before him," when he saw the child's resemblance to 'Utba. The boy did not see her again till he met Allah. Malik related to me from Ibn Shihab that gave a judgment that the rapist had to pay the raped woman her bride-price. Yahya said that he heard Malik say, "What is done in our community about the man who rapes a woman, virgin or non-virgin, if she is free, is that he must pay the bride-price of the like of her. If she is a slave, he must pay what he has diminished of her worth. The hadd-punishment in such cases is applied to the rapist, and there is no punishment applied to the raped woman. If the rapist is a slave, that is against his master unless he wishes to surrender him." From Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, the Prophet states that: "If a woman comes upon a woman, they are both adulteresses, if a man comes upon a man, then they are both adulterers.” Section 23 - Any woman who performs sexual intercourse with a man who is not her lawful husband shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding five thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years or to whipping not exceeding six strokes or to any combination thereof. Section 23 - The fact that a woman is pregnant out of wedlock as a result of sexual intercourse performed with her consent shall be prima facie evidence of the commission of an offence under subsection by that woman. Section 23 - For the purpose of subsection , any woman who gives birth to a fully developed child within a period of six qamariah months from the date of her marriage shall be deemed to have been pregnant out of wedlock. Narrated Ibn 'Abbas: That the Prophet said: "If a man says to another man: 'O you Jew' then beat him twenty times. If he says: 'O you effeminate' then beat him twenty times. And whoever has relations with someone that is a mahram then kill him." The scholars are unanimously agreed that the rapist is to be subjected to the hadd punishment if there is clear evidence against him that he deserves the hadd punishment, or if he admits to that. Otherwise, he is to be punished . There is no punishment for the woman if it is true that he forced her and overpowered her, which may be proven by her screaming and shouting for help. Do you approach males among the worlds And leave what your Lord has created for you as mates? But you are a people transgressing. Abu Huraira reported Allah's Apostle as saying: “Allah has decreed for every son of Adam his share of zina, which he will inevitably commit. The zina of the eyes is looking, the zina of the tongue is speaking, one may wish and desire, and the private parts confirm that or deny it.” Narrated 'Alqamah bin Wa'il Al-Kindi: From his father: "A woman went out during the time of the Prophet to go to Salat, but she was caught by a man and he had relations with her, so she screamed and he left. Then a man came across her and she said: 'That man has done this and that to me', then she came across a group of Emigrants and she said: 'That man did this and that to me.' They went to get the man she thought had relations with her, and they brought him to her. She said: 'Yes, that's him.' So they brought him to the Messenger of Allah , and when he ordered that he be stoned, the man who had relations with her, said: 'O Messenger of Allah, I am the one who had relations with her.' So he said to her: 'Go, for Allah has forgiven you.' Then he said some nice words to the man . And he said to the man who had relations with her: 'Stone him.' Then he said: 'He has repented a repentance that, if the inhabitants of Al-Madinah had repented with, it would have been accepted from them.'" Narrated Ibn 'Abbas: That the Messenger of Allah said: "Whomever you see having relations with an animal then kill him and kill animal." So it was said to Ibn 'Abbas: "What is the case of the animal?" He said: "I did not hear anything from the Messenger of Allah about this, but I see that the Messenger of Allah disliked eating its meat or using it, due to the fact that such a thing has been done with that animal." Malik related to me from Nafi that a slave was in charge of the slaves in the khumus and he forced a slave-girl among those slaves against her will and had intercourse with her. Umar ibn al-Khattab had him flogged and banished him, and he did not flog the slave-girl because the slave had forced her. "And those who accuse chaste women then do not bring four witnesses, flog them, eighty stripes, and do not admit any evidence from them ever; and these it is that are the transgressors. Except those who repent after this and act aright, for surely Allah is Forgiving, Merciful." 'Ubada b. as-Samit reported: Allah's Messenger as saying: Receive teaching from me, receive teaching from me. Allah has ordained a way for those women. When an unmarried male commits adultery with an unmarried female, they should receive one hundred lashes and banishment for one year. And in case of married male committing adultery with a married female, they shall receive one hundred lashes and be stoned to death. Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas: If a man who is not married is seized committing sodomy, he will be stoned to death. We also sent Lot: He said to his people: "Do ye commit lewdness such as no people in creation committed before you? For ye practice your lusts on men in preference to women: ye are indeed a people transgressing beyond bounds."
dbo:abstract
Zinā (arabisch زنا, DMG zinā ‚Ehebruch‘) bezeichnet im Islam den Geschlechtsverkehr zwischen Menschen, die nicht miteinander verheiratet sind und auch nicht in einem Konkubinatsverhältnis (Herr und Sklavin) zueinander stehen. Zina gilt als Verbrechen. Es wird mit einer sogenannten Hadd-Strafe belegt. Die Strafen reichen von Verbannung und Geißelung bis zur Todesstrafe. Diese wurde (Stand 2008) für Zina in Pakistan, Sudan (dort seit 2020 nur noch mit Freiheitsstrafe bedroht), Jemen, Afghanistan (in von den Taliban kontrollierten Gebieten), Saudi-Arabien und Iran vollzogen. In letzteren drei Ländern wird die Steinigung (radschm) praktiziert. Auch Prostitution und homosexueller Verkehr werden als Zina geahndet. Secondo il diritto islamico, il reato di zina riguarda le relazioni sessuali illecite, ossia pre- o extra-matrimoniali. Secondo le scuole shafi’ita, hanbalita, hanafita e secondo gli Sciiti, la pena della lapidazione è prevista solo per l'adultero sposato e il suo partner, a condizione che il crimine sia comprovato da 4 uomini adulti che abbiano assistito alla penetrazione o che sia stato reso tramite confessione.La lapidazione non è invece prevista dal Corano, che prevede solo la fustigazione. Secondo il fiqh hanafita, che rappresenta l'ideologia maggioritaria e dà un ampio valore alla buona fede delle parti, se l'uomo e la donna si considerano sposati, non si ha reato di zina e i due non sono punibili. Una gravidanza costituisce prova sufficiente di relazione sessuale illecita solo secondo la scuola Malikita. Tale scuola include tuttavia anche la teoria del “feto dormiente”, secondo cui durante il periodo di gravidanza, che si estende per 7 anni, una donna non può essere accusata di zina, e la paternità del feto è del marito legittimato, anche fino a 7 anni dopo la sua morte. Zināʾ (زِنَاء) or zinā (زِنًى or زِنًا) is an Islamic legal term referring to unlawful sexual intercourse. According to traditional jurisprudence, zina can include adultery, fornication, prostitution, rape, sodomy, incest, and bestiality. Zina must be proved by testimony of four Muslim eyewitnesses to the actual act of penetration, or a confession repeated four times and not retracted later. The offenders must have acted of their own free will. Rapists could be prosecuted under different legal categories which used normal evidentiary rules. Making an accusation of zina without presenting the required eyewitnesses is called qadhf (القذف), which is itself a hudud offense. There are very few recorded examples of the stoning penalty for zinā being implemented legally. Prior to legal reforms introduced in several countries during the 20th century, the procedural requirements for proving the offense of zinā to the standard necessary to impose the stoning penalty were effectively impossible to meet. Zina became a more pressing issue in modern times, as Islamist movements and governments employed polemics against public immorality. In recent decades several countries passed legal reforms that incorporated elements of hudud laws into their legal codes, and many modern Islamists have also disregarded the condition of strict evidence requirements. In Nigeria, local courts have passed several stoning sentences, all of which were overturned on appeal or left unenforced. In Pakistan, the Hudood Ordinances of 1979 subsumed prosecution of rape under the category of zina, making rape extremely difficult to prove and exposing the victims to jail sentences for admitting illicit intercourse forced upon them, although these laws were amended in 2006, and again in 2016. According to human rights organizations, stoning for zina has also been carried out in Saudi Arabia. Zina (bentuk tidak baku: zinah) adalah perbuatan persetubuhan antara laki-laki dan perempuan yang tidak terikat pernikahan atau perkawinan. Secara umum, zina bukan hanya di saat manusia telah melakukan hubungan seksual, tetapi segala aktivitas-aktivitas seksual yang dapat merusak kehormatan manusia termasuk dikategorikan zina. ズィナー（アラビア語: زناء‎、DMG方式: zinā）とは、イスラム法（シャリーア）における犯罪行為で、婚外の性行為（強姦、結婚前性行為、売春、同性間の性行為など）および肛門性交を重罪としている。 Зина́ (араб. زِنَا‎ — «прелюбодеяние») — в исламском праве (фикх) — незаконная половая связь между людьми, которые не состоят в браке. Во всех четырёх суннитских и двух шиитских мазхабах термин зина означает добровольный половой акт между мужчиной и женщиной, которые не состоят в браке друг с другом. В большинстве европейских языков существует различие между понятиями «прелюбодеяние» (то есть половой акт женатого мужчины не с женой, или замужней женщины не с мужем) и «блуд» (то есть половой акт между двумя не состоящими в браке людьми). Однако в исламском праве такого различия нет. Исламское законодательство предусматривает наказания для мусульман и немусульман на основе Корана и сунны пророка Мухаммада. Необходимость наличия четырёх надёжных свидетелей делает процедуру доказательства преступления почти невыполнимой. الزنى هو مصطلح ديني يصف العلاقة الجنسية بين الرجل والمرأة (خارج نطاق الزواج)، ويتحقق بإيلاج العضو الذكري في الجهاز التناسلي للمرأة، وفي الديانات بشكل عام، يعتبر الزنى من الكبائر ومن أعظم الخطايا. Zina (arabiska: زِنَاء, otukt) är en arabisk term som betyder sex före (hor) eller utanför heterosexuella äktenskap (äktenskapsbrott), vilka är brott enligt huvudreglerna inom islam. Individen har brutit mot Guds gränser som finns nämnda i Koranen. Knut S. Vikör anger i "Mellom Gud og Stat (2003)" att personerna kan dömas till spöstraff om båda var ogifta samt om kvinnan var oskuld vid den sexuella aktiviteten, medan en otrogen make/maka kan dömas till stening till döds. Dock står det inget om steningsstraff i Koranen. Straffet är 100 piskrapp var för både mannen och kvinna om båda är fria. Är en av parterna däremot förslavad piskas han/hon enbart 50 gånger. Det krävs starka bevis vid hududbrott eftersom straffen är så hårda. Målsägaren måste ha fyra trovärdiga, vuxna, manliga vittnen som har bevittnat penetrationen uppger Vikör. Kvinnor får däremot inte vittna vid hududbrott. Inom Maliki, en av rättsskolorna är graviditet, när det gäller ogifta kvinnor ett bevis för zina. De andra rättsskolorna motsätter sig dock detta. Ett erkännande från den anklagade kan vara tillräckligt även om det inte står något om detta i Koranen utan bara i haditherna. Individen som erkänner och tar sitt straff blir renad från synd i detta livet och har en möjlighet att komma till paradiset. Det finns flera missförstånd kring hur islams rättsliga system behandlar en våldtäkt. Många är av den felaktiga uppfattningen att det krävs fyra vittnen som ser våldtäkten för att rätten skall kunna utfärda en dom. De förfäras då, förståeligt nog, över att en kvinna som inte kan presentera fyra vittnen till brottet inte kommer kunna utkräva rättvisa gentemot förövaren. Inget kan vara mer fel. (https://islam.se/kvinnosyn/fyra-vittnen-till-en-valdtakt). Straffen utförs i mycket begränsad omfattning och endast i ett fåtal länder som vill att sharia ska genomsyra hela samhället, till exempel Saudiarabien, Iran, Sudan, norra Nigeria och i vissa delar av Pakistan. La ley islámica define zina (en árabe, ‫زنا‬‎ : zinā) como relaciones sexuales ilegales, es decir un acto sexual entre un hombre y una mujer que no se encuentran vinculados entre sí por el matrimonio.​ Comprende el sexo extramarital y el sexo prematrimonial.​​ El zina se encuentra tratado dentro de la jurisprudencia sexual islámica de Fiqh, la cual es una extensión del código de conducta Sharia contenido en el Corán. Tanto las cuatro escuelas de prácticas sunitas (jurisprudencia islámica), como las dos escuelas de práctica Shi'a, el zina es una relación sexual no permitida por la Sharia (ley islámica) y es clasificada como un crimen hudud.​ El zina es definido como la relación sexual voluntaria entre un hombre y una mujer que no se encuentran casados entre sí, sin importar si uno o ambos se encuentran casados o no con otras personas. A diferencia del uso que prevalece en la mayoría de los idiomas occidentales no distingue entre los conceptos de "adulterio" (relación sexual de un hombre casado con una mujer que no sea su esposa, o de una mujer casada con un hombre que no sea su esposo) y "fornicación" (relación sexual entre dos personas sin haber contraído matrimonio). La ley islámica establece castigos tanto para hombres y mujeres musulmanes como no-musulmanes que realicen el zina tal como es interpretado en el Corán y el Hadith. En principio es un concepto extremadamente difícil de probar, requiriendo de cuatro testigos respetables (que no sean mujeres) del acto de penetración. 齊納（阿拉伯语：زِنَاء‎）是伊斯蘭教法所指穆斯林在關係之外的非法性關係，包括外遇及婚前性行為，例如通奸（雙方同意的婚外性關係）、私通（未婚人士在雙方同意的情況下性交）及同性性行為（同性在雙方同意的情況下建立性關係）。 在遜尼派的四個法學派別及什葉派的兩個法學派別裡，齊納是伊斯蘭教法禁止的性交罪行，被歸類為（真主有固定懲罰的指定罪行）。要就齊納而定罪，伊斯蘭教法院的卡迪（宗教法官）要倚靠婦女未婚懷孕、供認及四位目擊實際插入行為的證人。在伊斯蘭教的歷史裡以齊納的罪名作出起訴的個案裡，倚靠後兩者的個案較罕見，最多的是未婚懷孕婦女。一些法學派別的法律規定，如果被起訴的懷孕婦女否認性行為是出於自願，她需要有四名證人在庭上作證，證明她是被強姦。這種規定導致許多個案裡的強姦受害者被指觸犯齊納而受到懲罰，但是也有地區例外，例如馬來西亞伊斯蘭黨的伊斯蘭固定刑事法草案中，就提出因被強姦而懷孕的婦女不會在刑事法下被提控。另外，在沒有證人的情況下指控他人干犯齊納會被視為誹謗，也是屬於侯杜德的罪行。
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