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Statements

Subject Item: dbr:19th_century
rdf:type: yago:Measure100033615 owl:Thing yago:TimePeriod115113229 dbo:Person yago:Century115205532 yago:Abstraction100002137 yago:FundamentalQuantity113575869 yago:WikicatCenturies
rdfs:label: XIX. mendea 19세기 19世纪 19ú haois XIX століття XIX secolo Abad ke-19 19ος αιώνας 19e eeuw Segle XIX 19世紀 19. Jahrhundert Século XIX XIX wiek القرن 19 19th century XIX век Siglo XIX XIXe siècle 19-a jarcento 19. století 1800-talet
rdfs:comment: Devatenácté století je podle Gregoriánského kalendáře perioda mezi 1. lednem 1801 a 31. prosincem 1900. Jedná se o deváté století druhého tisíciletí. V 19. století zažila především Evropa spolu se Severní Amerikou neobyčejně rychlý hospodářský růst, který zásadně pozměnil zemědělství a nastartoval těžbu spolu s průmyslovou výrobou. Vedle tohoto hospodářského růstu zaznamenal Starý kontinent, i díky novým vědeckým poznatkům a zkvalitnění lékařské péče, nevídaný nárůst obyvatelstva. Prudký ekonomický rozvoj napomohl evropským zemím v mocenské expanzi během vrcholného období kolonialismu. Kvůli světové dominanci Evropy proto bývá 19. století nazýváno evropským stoletím, i stoletím páry. القرن التاسع عشر هو الفترة الزمنية الممتدة من اليوم الأول لعام 1801 إلى اليوم الأخير من عام 1900 حسب التقويم الميلادي. شهد هذا القرن أستكمال السيطرة البريطانية متحكمةً بأكثر من ربع سكان الأرض في حين بدأت كل من الإمبراطورية الإسبانية والإمبراطورية البرتغالية والدولة العثمانية بالاضمحلال، وزوال الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة والإمبراطورية المغولية.أصبحت الإمبراطورية البريطانية القوة العظمى في العالم في أعقاب الحروب النابليونية، وفرضت الهيمنة البريطانية مما شجع ازدهار التجارة وكافحت القرصنة. وتقلصت العبودية في العالم بعد ثورة العبيد في هاييتي.عمل استخدام الكهرباء والفولاذ والنفط على إنعاش وإمداد الثورة الصناعية الثانية بالطاقة التي مكنت كل من ألمانيا وإمبراطورية اليابان والولايات المتحدة من أن تصبح قوى عظمى على الساحة الدولية، وأدى بدوره لظهور عصر الاستعمارية الجديدة. في حين فشلت الإمبراطورية Das 19. Jahrhundert begann kalendarisch am 1. Januar 1801 und endete am 31. Dezember 1900. Die Weltbevölkerung zu Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts wird auf 980 Millionen Menschen geschätzt, zum Ende war sie auf schätzungsweise 1,65 Milliarden Menschen angestiegen. Kennzeichnend für das 19. Jahrhundert war ein globaler Wandel, den es in diesem Umfang, dieser Tiefe und dieser Dynamik in keiner historischen Periode zuvor gegeben hatte. Dieser Wandel wird auch als Beginn der Moderne bezeichnet. 1800-talet är perioden från 1 januari 1800 till 31 december 1899. Viktig utveckling var industrialismens införande i västvärlden, liberala politiska reformer och slaveriets avskaffande. Ibland talar man numera om det långa 1800-talet. 19世紀（じゅうきゅうせいき）は、西暦1801年から西暦1900年までの100年間を指す世紀。 La 19-a jarcento komenciĝis la 1-an de januaro 1801 kaj finiĝis la 31-an de decembro 1900. XIX (девятна́дцатый) век по григорианскому календарю — век с 1 января 1801 года по 31 декабря 1900 года. Это 9-й век 2-го тысячелетия. Он закончился 123 года назад. Охарактеризовался такими явлениями, как протекционизм, индустриализация, урбанизация, расцвет колониализма, с другой стороны — небывалыми достижениями культуры и искусства, а также техники и науки. XIX век дал огромное количество выдающихся музыкантов, художников, писателей и поэтов, архитекторов, а также учёных, изобретателей, авантюристов и великих политиков. De 19e eeuw (van de christelijke jaartelling) is de 19e periode van 100 jaar, dus bestaande uit de jaren 1801 tot en met 1900. De 19e eeuw behoort tot het 2e millennium. 19세기(19世紀, 영어: 19th century)는 1801년부터 1900년까지의 기간이다. 19세기 동안 세계는 제국주의가 팽배하면서 여러 서구 열강들이 세계 곳곳을 점령하여 식민지로 삼았다. 이전 시기부터 진행되어 온 서구 열강의 제국주의는 19세기에 전 세계로 확대되었는데, 1884년 벨기에의 국왕이 주최한 베를린 회의에서 아프리카의 각지를 유럽 열강들의 식민지로 삼기로 결정한 아프리카 분할이 대표적인 사례이다. 19세기 세계적인 제국으로는 대영 제국, 러시아 제국, 독일 제국 등이 있었으며, 공화국이었던 프랑스와 미국 역시 제국주의적인 정책을 펼쳤다. 프랑스는 1885년 프랑스령 인도차이나를 세워 지금의 라오스, 베트남, 캄보디아 지역을 식민 지배하였다. 미국은 1898년 필리핀-미국 전쟁을 벌이고 필리핀을 식민지로 삼았다. Il XIX secolo è il secolo che inizia nell'anno 1801 e termina nell'anno 1900 incluso. XVIII wiek <> XX wiek Lata 1800. • Lata 1810. • Lata 1820. • Lata 1830. • Lata 1840. • Lata 1850. • Lata 1860. • Lata 1870. • Lata 1880. • Lata 1890. 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 El siglo XIX d. C. (siglo diecinueve después de Cristo) o siglo XIX e. c. (siglo diecinueve de la era común) fue el noveno siglo del II milenio en el calendario gregoriano. Comenzó el 1 de enero de 1801 y terminó el 31 de diciembre de 1900. Es llamado el «siglo de la industrialización». XIX. mendea 1801eko urtarrilaren 1ean hasi eta 1900eko abenduaren 31n amaitu zen. Mende honen hasieran, 980 milioi pertsona bizi ziren munduan, eta mendearen amaieran, berriz, 1.650 milioi. XIX. mendean aldaketa global bat gertatu zen, garai historiko bakar batean ere halako eskala, sakontasun eta dinamismorik ikusi ez zena. Aldaketa hau modernitatearen hasiera bezala ere ezagutzen da. 1801年1月1日至1900年12月31日的这一段期间被称为19世纪。該世紀屬於「不列顛治世」初期與全盛時期，這段期間最顯著的是英國、西歐與北美因1840年工業革命促成的技術與經濟上的進步。英國是19世紀遙遙領先的世界大國和海上霸主，有着當時「世界工廠」的稱號，亦是世界上第一個工業革命和工業化的國家，西方資本主義的倡導者，並且是早期議會民主制的誕生地，無論在科學技術還是文學藝術水平亦有顯著的貢獻。連帶的，各種自然科學學科，如物理、化學、生物學、地質學等皆逐漸，並影響到社會科學（包含社會學、人類學、歷史學等）的誕生或重塑。另一方面，英國透過強大的生產力與武器，成功殖民世界大多數地區，並以傾銷的方式破壞許多古文明國度，如中國、印度既有的社會與經濟體系，迫使這些國家走向“現代化”。此外，民族主義興起，使多數歐洲民族建立起屬於自己的現代國家，並開始建立與保存本國的歷史與文化。社會上，大量的不停發生，使得社會主義勢力逐漸地得到擴張，這其中又以深深觸發下一世紀冷戰的馬克思主義最為著名。在藝術上，上世紀流行的新古典主義藝術逐漸被浪漫主義替代，後來受到科學與工業革命的刺激，歐洲又開始朝向寫實主義發展，希望透過繪畫、文學、音樂與攝影等方式捕捉現實生活的各種情境與人物，這其中又以印象派最為著名。 O século XIX começou no dia 1 de janeiro de 1801 e terminou no dia 31 de dezembro de 1900. Foi um período histórico marcado Espanha, França, Sacro Império Romano-Germânico e Mogol. O século também testemunhou o crescimento da influência dos Impérios Britânico, Russo, Alemão e Japonês; e dos Estados Unidos, estimulando conflitos militares, mas também avanços científicos e bélicos. Além de marcar a queda da ocupação otomana dos Balcãs que levou à criação da Sérvia, Bulgária, Montenegro e Romênia na sequência da Segunda Guerra Russo-Turca, seguiu-se a grande Guerra da Crimeia. The 19th (nineteenth) century began on 1 January 1801 (MDCCCI), and ended on 31 December 1900 (MCM). The 19th century was the ninth century of the 2nd millennium. The 19th century was characterized by vast social upheaval. Slavery was abolished in much of Europe and the Americas. The First Industrial Revolution, though it began in the late 18th century, expanding beyond its British homeland for the first time during this century, particularly remaking the economies and societies of the Low Countries, the Rhineland, Northern Italy, and the Northeastern United States. A few decades later, the Second Industrial Revolution led to ever more massive urbanization and much higher levels of productivity, profit, and prosperity, a pattern that continued into the 20th century. El segle XIX va des de l'1 de gener de 1801 fins al 31 de desembre de 1900 (en el calendari gregorià). Els historiadors, però, de vegades defineixen l'era històrica d'aquest segle com un període que va des de l'any 1815 (congrés de Viena), fins al 1914 (començament de la Primera Guerra Mundial). Com una alternativa a aquesta classificació, Eric Hobsbawm va proposar una definició anomenada segle dinou llarg, que va dels anys 1789 al 1914. Durant aquest segle, els imperis espanyol, portuguès i otomà comencen a defallir, i el Sacre Imperi romà i l'Imperi mogol desapareixen definitivament. Le XIXe siècle (ou 19e siècle) commence le 1er janvier 1801 et finit le 31 décembre 1900. Il s'étend entre les jours juliens 2 378 861,5 et 2 415 385,5.
rdfs:seeAlso: dbr:History_of_photography dbr:Timeline_of_the_Napoleonic_era
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dbp:title: Years Decades Centuries Millennia
dbo:abstract: El segle XIX va des de l'1 de gener de 1801 fins al 31 de desembre de 1900 (en el calendari gregorià). Els historiadors, però, de vegades defineixen l'era històrica d'aquest segle com un període que va des de l'any 1815 (congrés de Viena), fins al 1914 (començament de la Primera Guerra Mundial). Com una alternativa a aquesta classificació, Eric Hobsbawm va proposar una definició anomenada segle dinou llarg, que va dels anys 1789 al 1914. Durant aquest segle, els imperis espanyol, portuguès i otomà comencen a defallir, i el Sacre Imperi romà i l'Imperi mogol desapareixen definitivament. Després de les guerres napoleòniques, l'Imperi britànic esdevé el primer (o màxima potència mundial), i passa a controlar territoris que comprenen la quarta part de la població mundial i la tercera part de la seva àrea terrestre, tot posant en pràctica la Pax Britannica. L'esclavatge va desaparèixer en gran manera arreu del món. L'electricitat, l'acer i el petroli varen iniciar la segona revolució industrial (1870-1914), que permeté a Alemanya, al Japó i als Estats Units de convertir-se en grans poders, els quals no trigaren a intentar construir-se imperis propis. Rússia i la dinastia Qing a la Xina fracassaren en el seu intent de mantenir-se en el mateix nivell que els seus rivals, la qual cosa portà tots dos imperis a patir intensos períodes d'agitació social. Durant el segle xix, va ser notable la fundació de ciutats a l'Amèrica del Nord i Austràlia que avui estan entre les més importants dels seus països. Chicago i Melbourne no existien a començament del segle xix, però van créixer fins a transformar-se en les segones més grans dels Estats Units i de l'Imperi britànic, respectivament, abans del final del segle. Aproximadament 70 milions de persones van deixar Europa durant el segle xix, la majoria va emigrar cap als EUA. El segle també va marcar la fi de l'ocupació otomana en els Balcans, i la creació de Sèrbia, Bulgària, Montenegro i Romania com a resultat de la Segona Guerra russoturca, a la qual va succeir la Guerra de Crimea. De 19e eeuw (van de christelijke jaartelling) is de 19e periode van 100 jaar, dus bestaande uit de jaren 1801 tot en met 1900. De 19e eeuw behoort tot het 2e millennium. El siglo XIX d. C. (siglo diecinueve después de Cristo) o siglo XIX e. c. (siglo diecinueve de la era común) fue el noveno siglo del II milenio en el calendario gregoriano. Comenzó el 1 de enero de 1801 y terminó el 31 de diciembre de 1900. Es llamado el «siglo de la industrialización». La característica fundamental de este siglo es la de ser un periodo de grandes cambios. La ciencia y la economía se retroalimentarían, el término ‘científico’, acuñado en 1833 por William Whewell, sería parte fundamental del lenguaje de la época; la economía sufriría dos fuertes revoluciones industriales, la primera acaecida entre 1750 y 1840, y la segunda entre 1880 y 1914. En política, las nuevas ideas del anterior siglo sentarían las bases para las revoluciones burguesas, revoluciones que se explayarían por el mundo mediante el imperialismo y buscaría alianza con el movimiento obrero al que, le cederían el sufragio universal; en filosofía, surgirían los principios de la mayor parte de las corrientes de pensamiento contemporáneas, corrientes como el idealismo absoluto, el materialismo dialéctico, el nihilismo y el nacionalismo; el arte demoraría en iniciar el proceso de vanguardia pero quedaría cimentado en movimientos como el impresionismo. A finales de este siglo surgieron la cinematografía y la animación gracias a los grandes avances tecnológicos de la época. Devatenácté století je podle Gregoriánského kalendáře perioda mezi 1. lednem 1801 a 31. prosincem 1900. Jedná se o deváté století druhého tisíciletí. V 19. století zažila především Evropa spolu se Severní Amerikou neobyčejně rychlý hospodářský růst, který zásadně pozměnil zemědělství a nastartoval těžbu spolu s průmyslovou výrobou. Vedle tohoto hospodářského růstu zaznamenal Starý kontinent, i díky novým vědeckým poznatkům a zkvalitnění lékařské péče, nevídaný nárůst obyvatelstva. Prudký ekonomický rozvoj napomohl evropským zemím v mocenské expanzi během vrcholného období kolonialismu. Kvůli světové dominanci Evropy proto bývá 19. století nazýváno evropským stoletím, i stoletím páry. Na počátku tohoto století prožila Evropa dlouhé období krvavých konfliktů, kdy se většina evropských monarchií spojila proti revoluční Francii ve francouzských revolučních a napoleonských válkách. Období po Vídeňském kongresu, kdy se evropské mocnosti spolupracující v rámci Svaté aliance snažili čelit nové revoluční vlně bývá označováno jako koncert velmocí. Zároveň je pro toto období charakteristická dominance Spojeného království, jehož ekonomika posílená za průmyslové revoluce byla v 19. století zdaleka nejrozvinutější. Nejsilnější otřes zažila většina evropských států v roce 1848, kdy revoluční vlnu rozdmýchaly hospodářské problémy, sílící nacionalismus a liberální a sociální požadavky nespokojených částí tehdejší společnosti. Nejrozsáhlejšími konflikty druhé poloviny tohoto století byly krymská válka a americká občanská válka. Krymská válka, jež proběhla v letech 1853 až 1856, nezastavila postupné rozdrobování Osmanská říše. Válka Severu a Jihu předznamenala růst hospodářské i politické moci Spojených států amerických. Nově sjednocené Německo a Itálie se vedle tradičních evropských mocností v poslední třetině 19. století zúčastnili závodu v rozšiřování svých impérií v Asii a Africe. Výrazné posílení Německa a toto soupeření pak vedlo k narušení mocenské rovnováhy, vytvoření vojenských aliancí a v konečném důsledku i k první světové válce, která bývá pokládána za symbolický konec dlouhého 19. století. Le XIXe siècle (ou 19e siècle) commence le 1er janvier 1801 et finit le 31 décembre 1900. Il s'étend entre les jours juliens 2 378 861,5 et 2 415 385,5. 19세기(19世紀, 영어: 19th century)는 1801년부터 1900년까지의 기간이다. 19세기 동안 세계는 제국주의가 팽배하면서 여러 서구 열강들이 세계 곳곳을 점령하여 식민지로 삼았다. 이전 시기부터 진행되어 온 서구 열강의 제국주의는 19세기에 전 세계로 확대되었는데, 1884년 벨기에의 국왕이 주최한 베를린 회의에서 아프리카의 각지를 유럽 열강들의 식민지로 삼기로 결정한 아프리카 분할이 대표적인 사례이다. 19세기 세계적인 제국으로는 대영 제국, 러시아 제국, 독일 제국 등이 있었으며, 공화국이었던 프랑스와 미국 역시 제국주의적인 정책을 펼쳤다. 프랑스는 1885년 프랑스령 인도차이나를 세워 지금의 라오스, 베트남, 캄보디아 지역을 식민 지배하였다. 미국은 1898년 필리핀-미국 전쟁을 벌이고 필리핀을 식민지로 삼았다. 워털루 전쟁 종전 직후 유럽을 중심으로한 서구 열강의 제국주의 확대에 따라 세계 각지의 전통적인 국가들은 몰락하였다. 아프리카에 있던 이페, 에티오피아, , 송가이 제국, 다호메이, 콩고 왕국, , 과 같은 여러 나라들은 식민지로 전락하였고, 동아시아의 전통적인 제국이었던 청나라는 점차 서구 열강의 침략을 받기 시작하였으며, 아편 전쟁 이후 반식민지 상태에 빠지게 되었다. 일본은 1853년에 우라가 앞바다에 나타난 매슈 페리가 이끈 미국 해군 함대인 흑선의 등장 이후 미국과 불평등 조약인 가나가와 조약을 맺었고, 이후 메이지 유신으로 도쿠가와 막부가 붕괴된 이후 스스로 제국주의를 표방하고 일본 제국을 수립하였다. 한국의 역사에서 19세기는 조선의 순조부터 대한제국의 고종에 이르는 시기이다. 정조의 사망으로 1800년 순조가 11세의 나이로 왕위에 오르자 영조의 계비인 정순왕후가 수렴청정을 하였다. 정순황후는 노론 벽파에 속하였으며, 정치적 입지 강화를 위해 당시 남인 사이에 서학이라는 이름으로 전파되고 있던 천주교를 박해하여 신유사옥이 일어났다. 순조는 1804년부터 친정을 하였으며 정순왕후의 세력을 견제하고자 노론 시파인 김조순의 딸을 왕비로 맞이하였고, 이후 안동 김씨, 풍양 조씨 등이 비변사를 장악하여 세도정치가 이루어졌다. 이후 헌종, 철종 시기에 이르기까지 세도정치가 계속되었다. 19세기 조선은 지역 차별과 삼정의 문란 등으로 인해 각종 민란이 끊이지 않았다. 1811년 일어난 홍경래의 난은 서북 지역에 대한 차별이 주요 원인이었고, 이 외에도 가혹한 수탈을 견디지 못한 농민들이 산으로 숨어 화전민이 되거나, 심할 경우 명화적이나 수적이 되는 일이 많았다. 조선 후기 민란은 전국 각지에서 일어났으며, 특히 1862년 삼남지방의 임술농민항쟁은 매우 큰 사회적 충격을 가져왔다. 1863년 철종이 후사없이 사망하자 인조의 후손인 고종이 즉위하였다. 즉위 초기에는 흥선대원군이 섭정을 하였으나, 일본의 대정봉환에 따른 국교 수립 요청과 운요호 사건 이후 강화도 조약 채결을 즈음하여 친정을 하였다. 1897년 고종은 국호를 대한제국으로 바꾸고 황제로 즉위하여 연호를 광무라 하였다. 한편, 19세기는 과학의 여러 분야에서 중요한 발견이 이루어진 시기이기도 하다. 찰스 다윈은 1859년 《종의 기원》을 발표하여 생물 진화의 사실을 제시하고, 진화의 원인으로 자연 선택을 제시하였다. 루이 파스퇴르는 1861년 《자연발생설 비판》을 출간하여 발효와 부패는 미생물에 의한 것임을 증명하였고, 백신을 통한 전염병 예방법을 확립하였다. 생물학의 발전에 힘입어 서양의 의학역시 발전하여 사망률이 감소함에 따라 인구가 증가하였다. 유럽의 인구는 19세기 동안 2억여 명에서 4억여 명으로 두 배가 되었다. 물리학 분야에서는 제임스 클러크 맥스웰이 맥스웰 방정식을 수립하여 전기와 자기가 동일한 현상임을 입증하고 전자기 복사를 예견하였다. 조사이어 윌러드 기브스는 열역학의 여러 법칙의 확립에 기여하였다. 그가 도입한 기브스 자유 에너지 개념은 오늘날에도 중요한 기초 과학 법칙으로 사용되고 있다. 19세기에는 여러 새로운 사상이 출현하였다. 허버트 스펜서 등의 사회진화론 주장자들은 다윈의 자연선택 개념을 왜곡하여 사회에 도입하는 적자생존 논리로 유럽 열강의 제국주의를 옹호하기도 하였다. 이러한 사회진화론은 서구 열강의 식민지배를 적극 옹호하는 이론으로 사용되었다. 영국의 러디어드 키플링은 백인의 짐이라는 시를 발표하여 서구의 제국주의가 인류 역사에 대한 의무를 다하는 것이라고까지 하였다. 한편, 카를 마르크스와 프리드리히 엥겔스는 《공산당 선언》과 《자본론》을 출간하여 이후 사회주의와 공산주의에 큰 영향을 주었다. 마르크스의 작업은 그의 사상에 대한 찬반 여부를 떠나 사회학의 기초를 마련했다는 평가를 받는다. 이 외에도 19세기에는 오늘날에도 주목 받고 있는 많은 철학자들이 독특한 사상을 발표하였다. 쇠렌 키르케고르, 프리드리히 니체, 아르투어 쇼펜하우어와 같은 철학자들이 대표적이다. 19世紀（じゅうきゅうせいき）は、西暦1801年から西暦1900年までの100年間を指す世紀。 The 19th (nineteenth) century began on 1 January 1801 (MDCCCI), and ended on 31 December 1900 (MCM). The 19th century was the ninth century of the 2nd millennium. The 19th century was characterized by vast social upheaval. Slavery was abolished in much of Europe and the Americas. The First Industrial Revolution, though it began in the late 18th century, expanding beyond its British homeland for the first time during this century, particularly remaking the economies and societies of the Low Countries, the Rhineland, Northern Italy, and the Northeastern United States. A few decades later, the Second Industrial Revolution led to ever more massive urbanization and much higher levels of productivity, profit, and prosperity, a pattern that continued into the 20th century. The Islamic gunpowder empires fell into decline and European imperialism brought much of South Asia, Southeast Asia, and almost all of Africa under colonial rule. It was also marked by the collapse of the large Spanish and Mughal empires. This paved the way for the growing influence of the British, French, German, Russian, Italian, and Japanese empires along with the United States. The British boasted unchallenged global dominance after 1815. After the defeat of France in the Napoleonic Wars, the British and Russian empires expanded greatly, becoming two of the world's leading powers. Russia expanded its territory to Central Asia and the Caucasus. The Ottomans underwent a period of Westernization and reform known as the Tanzimat, vastly increasing their control over their core territories in the Middle East. However, it remained in decline and became known as the sick man of Europe, losing territory in the Balkans and North Africa. The remaining powers in the Indian subcontinent such as the Maratha and Sikh empires have suffered a massive decline and their dissatisfaction with the British East India Company's rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, marking its dissolution. India was later ruled directly by the British Crown through the establishment of the British Raj. Britain's overseas possessions grew rapidly in the first half of the century, especially with the expansion of vast territories in Canada, Australia, South Africa, India, and in the last two decades of the century in Africa. By the end of the century, the British controlled a fifth of the world's land and one-quarter of the world's population. During the post-Napoleonic era, it enforced what became known as the Pax Britannica, which had ushered in unprecedented globalization on a massive scale. XIX (девятна́дцатый) век по григорианскому календарю — век с 1 января 1801 года по 31 декабря 1900 года. Это 9-й век 2-го тысячелетия. Он закончился 123 года назад. Охарактеризовался такими явлениями, как протекционизм, индустриализация, урбанизация, расцвет колониализма, с другой стороны — небывалыми достижениями культуры и искусства, а также техники и науки. XIX век дал огромное количество выдающихся музыкантов, художников, писателей и поэтов, архитекторов, а также учёных, изобретателей, авантюристов и великих политиков. La 19-a jarcento komenciĝis la 1-an de januaro 1801 kaj finiĝis la 31-an de decembro 1900. 1800-talet är perioden från 1 januari 1800 till 31 december 1899. Viktig utveckling var industrialismens införande i västvärlden, liberala politiska reformer och slaveriets avskaffande. Ibland talar man numera om det långa 1800-talet. XIX. mendea 1801eko urtarrilaren 1ean hasi eta 1900eko abenduaren 31n amaitu zen. Mende honen hasieran, 980 milioi pertsona bizi ziren munduan, eta mendearen amaieran, berriz, 1.650 milioi. XIX. mendean aldaketa global bat gertatu zen, garai historiko bakar batean ere halako eskala, sakontasun eta dinamismorik ikusi ez zena. Aldaketa hau modernitatearen hasiera bezala ere ezagutzen da. Europan, 1815ean Napoleon garaitu ondoren, aurretik kontinentearen zati handiak konkistatu zituena, antzinako gizarte ordena berrezarri zen alderdi askotan. Hala ere, zenbait aldaketa legal eta ekonomiko mantendu ziren, baita banakako lurralde-berrantolaketak ere. Frantziako Iraultzaren ideiak ezin ziren zuzenean ezabatu. Mendea Frantziako Iraultzako ideiak garatzeko borrokak markatu zuen. Europan, burgesiak eta beste biztanle-talde batzuek askatasun ekonomiko eta sozial handiagoak lortu zituzten. Europako estatu askok konstituzioak onartu zituzten, herritarraren eta estatuaren arteko harreman juridikoa zehazteko. Alderdi politikoak sortu eta ideologiak formulatu ziren. 1860/70eko hamarkadan sortu ziren estatu nazional berrien artean, Italia eta Alemania izan ziren Europako panorama politikoa gehien aldatu zutenak. Estatu nazionala antolatzeko modua mundu osoan hasi zen garaile izaten. Europako potentzia handiak, munduko merkataritzan nagusi zirenak eta euren inperio kolonialak Afrikan eta Asian hedatu zituztenak, munduko potentzia nagusi bihurtu ziren. Potentzia kolonialik handienak, Britainia Handiak, bere Britainiar Inperioak, munduko biztanleriaren ia laurden bat hartzen zuen 1900. urtean eta ozeanoak menderatzen zituen oposizio gabe. Mendearen lehen erdian, indiar azpikontinentea bere kontrolpean jarri zuen, eta, ondoren, Australia konkistatu zien aborigenei. Bere baldintzak inposatu zituen Txinako Inperioan Opioaren Gerretan. Taiping matxinada zanpatua izan ondoren, Txinako botere zentrala kanpoko inperioek higatu zuten. Japoniak, bestalde, batez ere Meiji berrezarkuntzaren ondoren eraberritzea lortu zuen, Europa eta Ameriketako Estatu Batuen dinamiketara batuz. Otomandar Inperioak, bestalde, murrizten jarraitu zuen, Europa eta Afrika iparraldeko lurralde guztien kontrola galduz. Afrika eta Asiako hego-ekialdea ia erabat kolonizatu zituzten europar potentziek mendearen azken hamarkadetan. Aitzitik, Hego Amerikako eskualdeak espainiar eta portugaldar kolonialismotik askatu ziren mendearen hasieran. Ipar Amerikan, independentziaren ondoren, Ameriketako Estatu Batuek eremu handiak irabazi zituzten Mexikoren eta tribu indigenen kontura. Amerikako Gerra Zibilaren ondoren, munduko nazio industrial indartsuenetako bat bihurtu ziren. Europatik eta, neurri txikiagoan, Asiatik etorritako langile kualifikatuen immigrazio handiaren onurak jaso zituzten. Migrazio-mugimendu horiekin batera, munduko biztanleriaren hazkunde handia gertatu zen. Azken hau produktibitatea nabarmen handitzen zuen nekazaritza batez elikatzen zen, eraginkortasuna handitu eta lur azalera handitzen baitzuen. Landa-populazioaren zati handi batek hirietara emigratu zuen. Populazioaren hazkunde handiarekin lotutako arazoak hiriek, teknikoki berritzailea zen azpiegitura berri batek eta masa gizarte modernoaren erakundeek konpondu zitzaten saiatu ziren. Industria Iraultza Ingalaterratik Europako hainbat eskualdetara, AEBetara eta Japoniara hedatu zen mendean zehar. Egitura-aldaketak desberdintasun sozial handiekin batera gertatu ziren. Funtsezko teknologiek, hala nola trenbideek, lurrun-ontziek eta telegrafiak, munduko sarearen hedadura eta abiadura nabarmen handitzea eta distantziaren pertzepzioa aldatzea ekarri zuten. Aurkikuntza zientifiko berri askok, baita medikuntzan ere, pertsona askorentzat hobekuntza praktikoak ekarri zituzten. Baliabideen aurrekaririk gabeko erabilerak, erregai fosiletan oinarritutako ekonomiak eta kulturen hedapen masiboak ingurumenaren eraldaketa eta kutsadura handia eragin zuten. Horregatik, zientzialari batzuek XIX. mendean jada ikusten dute Antropozenoaren hasiera. 1801年1月1日至1900年12月31日的这一段期间被称为19世纪。該世紀屬於「不列顛治世」初期與全盛時期，這段期間最顯著的是英國、西歐與北美因1840年工業革命促成的技術與經濟上的進步。英國是19世紀遙遙領先的世界大國和海上霸主，有着當時「世界工廠」的稱號，亦是世界上第一個工業革命和工業化的國家，西方資本主義的倡導者，並且是早期議會民主制的誕生地，無論在科學技術還是文學藝術水平亦有顯著的貢獻。連帶的，各種自然科學學科，如物理、化學、生物學、地質學等皆逐漸，並影響到社會科學（包含社會學、人類學、歷史學等）的誕生或重塑。另一方面，英國透過強大的生產力與武器，成功殖民世界大多數地區，並以傾銷的方式破壞許多古文明國度，如中國、印度既有的社會與經濟體系，迫使這些國家走向“現代化”。此外，民族主義興起，使多數歐洲民族建立起屬於自己的現代國家，並開始建立與保存本國的歷史與文化。社會上，大量的不停發生，使得社會主義勢力逐漸地得到擴張，這其中又以深深觸發下一世紀冷戰的馬克思主義最為著名。在藝術上，上世紀流行的新古典主義藝術逐漸被浪漫主義替代，後來受到科學與工業革命的刺激，歐洲又開始朝向寫實主義發展，希望透過繪畫、文學、音樂與攝影等方式捕捉現實生活的各種情境與人物，這其中又以印象派最為著名。 Das 19. Jahrhundert begann kalendarisch am 1. Januar 1801 und endete am 31. Dezember 1900. Die Weltbevölkerung zu Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts wird auf 980 Millionen Menschen geschätzt, zum Ende war sie auf schätzungsweise 1,65 Milliarden Menschen angestiegen. Kennzeichnend für das 19. Jahrhundert war ein globaler Wandel, den es in diesem Umfang, dieser Tiefe und dieser Dynamik in keiner historischen Periode zuvor gegeben hatte. Dieser Wandel wird auch als Beginn der Moderne bezeichnet. In Europa wurde 1815 nach dem Sieg über Napoleon, der zuvor große Teile des Kontinents erobert hatte, die alte Gesellschaftsordnung in vielen Aspekten wiederhergestellt. Einige rechtliche und wirtschaftliche Änderungen sowie einzelne territoriale Neuordnungen blieben jedoch bestehen. Die Ideen der Französischen Revolution ließen sich nicht dauerhaft zurückdrängen. Das Ringen um ihre Verwirklichung prägte das Jahrhundert. In Europa erstritt das Bürgertum und andere Bevölkerungsgruppen größere wirtschaftliche und gesellschaftliche Freiheiten. Viele europäische Staaten führten Verfassungen ein, die die Rechtsbeziehung zwischen Bürger und Staat definierten. Politische Parteien wurden gegründet und Ideologien formuliert. Von den neu entstandenen Nationalstaaten veränderten Italien und Deutschland, die in den 1860/70 Jahren durch Vereinigungen zahlreicher Territorien entstanden, am meisten die europäische politische Landschaft. Weltweit trat die Organisationsform des Nationalstaates ihren Siegeszug an. Die europäischen Großmächte, die eine Vormachtstellung im Welthandel innehatten und ihre Kolonialreiche in Afrika und Asien erweiterten, entwickelten sich zu den dominanten Mächten der Welt. Die größte Kolonialmacht, Großbritannien, dessen Britisches Weltreich im Jahr 1900 nahezu ein Viertel der Weltbevölkerung umfasste, beherrschte unangefochten die Weltmeere. Schon in der ersten Jahrhunderthälfte hatte es den Indischen Subkontinent vollständig unter seine Kontrolle gebracht und danach Australien von den Aborigines erobert. Dem chinesischen Kaiserreich zwang es in den Opiumkriegen seine Bedingungen auf. Nachdem der Taiping-Aufstand niedergeschlagen wurde, erodierte die chinesische Zentralmacht zugunsten ausländischer und lokaler Kräfte. Japan hingegen schaffte es, sich nach der Meiji-Restauration grundlegend zu reformieren, indem es vieles aus Europa und den Vereinigten Staaten übernahm. Das Osmanische Reich schrumpfte hingegen weiter, verlor im Laufe des Jahrhunderts die Kontrolle über alle europäischen und nordafrikanischen Gebiete. Afrika und Südostasien wurden in den letzten Jahrzehnten des Jahrhunderts von den europäischen Mächten fast vollständig kolonisiert. Hingegen lösten sich die Regionen Südamerikas zu Jahrhundertbeginn von ihren spanischen und portugiesischen Kolonialherren. In Nordamerika gewannen die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika nach ihrer Unabhängigkeit große Gebiete auf Kosten Mexikos und indigener Stämme hinzu. Nach dem Amerikanischen Bürgerkrieg wurden sie zu einer der stärksten Industrienationen der Welt. Dabei profitierten sie von der starken Einwanderung von Fachkräften, die aus Europa und zu geringeren Teilen aus Asien kamen.Die atlantische Migration war ein Teil weltweiter Migrationsbewegungen, die in diesem Jahrhundert zuvor nicht gekannte Dimensionen erreichten. Die Wanderungsbewegungen gingen einher mit einem hohen Wachstum der Weltbevölkerung. Diese wurde durch eine Landwirtschaft ernährt, die ihre Produktivität durch Effizienzsteigerung und Flächenausdehnung erheblich steigerte. Ein großer Teil der Landbevölkerung wanderte in die Städte. Die mit dem starken Einwohnerwachstum verbundenen Probleme versuchten die Städte durch neue technisch innovative Infrastruktur und die Institutionen der modernen Massengesellschaft zu lösen. Die Industrielle Revolution breitete sich von England im Laufe des Jahrhunderts auf zahlreiche europäische Regionen, die USA und Japan aus. Ihre Strukturveränderungen gingen mit großen sozialen Ungleichheiten einher. Schlüsseltechnologien wie die Eisenbahn, das Dampfschiff und die Telegrafie führten zu einem starken Anstieg von Ausmaß und Geschwindigkeit der globalen Vernetzung sowie einer Veränderung der Wahrnehmung von Entfernungen. Viele neue wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse, unter anderem in der Medizin, brachten praktische Verbesserungen für zahlreiche Menschen. Eine vorher nie gekannte Ressourcennutzung, eine auf fossilen Energien beruhende Wirtschaft sowie die massive Expansion von Siedlungs- und Kulturräumen führten zu einer starken Umgestaltung und Belastung der Umwelt. Deshalb sehen einige Wissenschaftler schon im 19. Jahrhundert den Beginn des Anthropozäns. XVIII wiek <> XX wiek Lata 1800. • Lata 1810. • Lata 1820. • Lata 1830. • Lata 1840. • Lata 1850. • Lata 1860. • Lata 1870. • Lata 1880. • Lata 1890. 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 Il XIX secolo è il secolo che inizia nell'anno 1801 e termina nell'anno 1900 incluso. القرن التاسع عشر هو الفترة الزمنية الممتدة من اليوم الأول لعام 1801 إلى اليوم الأخير من عام 1900 حسب التقويم الميلادي. شهد هذا القرن أستكمال السيطرة البريطانية متحكمةً بأكثر من ربع سكان الأرض في حين بدأت كل من الإمبراطورية الإسبانية والإمبراطورية البرتغالية والدولة العثمانية بالاضمحلال، وزوال الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة والإمبراطورية المغولية.أصبحت الإمبراطورية البريطانية القوة العظمى في العالم في أعقاب الحروب النابليونية، وفرضت الهيمنة البريطانية مما شجع ازدهار التجارة وكافحت القرصنة. وتقلصت العبودية في العالم بعد ثورة العبيد في هاييتي.عمل استخدام الكهرباء والفولاذ والنفط على إنعاش وإمداد الثورة الصناعية الثانية بالطاقة التي مكنت كل من ألمانيا وإمبراطورية اليابان والولايات المتحدة من أن تصبح قوى عظمى على الساحة الدولية، وأدى بدوره لظهور عصر الاستعمارية الجديدة. في حين فشلت الإمبراطورية الروسية وسلالة تشينغ الحاكمة في الصين في مجاراة باقي القوى الاستعمارية وهذا سرعان ما أدى لظهور قلاقل اجتماعية كبيرة في البلدين خلال القرن العشرين. O século XIX começou no dia 1 de janeiro de 1801 e terminou no dia 31 de dezembro de 1900. Foi um período histórico marcado Espanha, França, Sacro Império Romano-Germânico e Mogol. O século também testemunhou o crescimento da influência dos Impérios Britânico, Russo, Alemão e Japonês; e dos Estados Unidos, estimulando conflitos militares, mas também avanços científicos e bélicos. Depois da derrota do Império Francês e seus aliados nas Guerras Napoleônicas, o Império Britânico adquiriu a supremacia mundial, passando a controlar um quarto da população e um quinto do território mundial. Aplicando a Pax Britannica, incentivou o comércio e lutou contra a pirataria. O século XIX foi uma era de invenções e descobertas, com significante desenvolvimento nos campos da matemática, física, química, biologia, eletricidade e metalurgia, lançando as bases para os avanços tecnológicos do século XX. A Revolução Industrial começou na Inglaterra. A Era Vitoriana foi afamada pelo emprego de jovens crianças em fábricas e minas, além de valores morais rígidos. O Japão embarcou num programa de rápida modernização após a Restauração Meiji, antes de derrotar a China, sob a Dinastia Qing, na primeira Guerra Sino-Japonesa. O Império Russo se expandiu no Cáucaso, Ásia Central e Extremo Oriente. O Império Otomano passou por um período de modernização e reforma conhecido como Tanzimat, aumentando enormemente seu controle sobre seus territórios centrais na Anatólia e no Oriente Próximo. Apesar disso, o Império permaneceu em um período de declínio, perdendo território nos Bálcãs, Egito e Norte da África. Avanços medicinais, o conhecimento da anatomia humana e a prevenção de doenças que ocorreram no século XIX foram responsáveis pela rápida aceleração do crescimento populacional no Hemisfério Ocidental. A população europeia dobrou durante o século XIX, de cerca de 200 milhões para mais de 400 milhões. A introdução de ferrovias, o primeiro grande avanço no transporte terrestre por séculos, melhorou o modo de vida das pessoas e favoreceu os grandes movimentos de urbanização nos países ao redor do globo. Várias cidades ultrapassaram populações de um milhão ou mais, durante esse século. Londres transformou-se na maior cidade do mundo e na capital do Império Britânico. A sua população expandiu de 1 milhão, em 1800, para 6,7 milhões até o final do século. Os territórios desconhecidos pelos europeus, incluindo as vastas extensões do interior da África, foram descobertos durante esse século. No entanto, o mesmo não ocorreu com zonas extremas do Ártico e da Antártida. Em 1890, havia precisos e detalhados mapas do globo. O liberalismo tornou-se o movimento de reforma proeminente na Europa. Na África, a exploração e a tecnologia europeias levaram à colonização de quase todo o continente em 1898. Novos medicamentos, como a quinina e armas de fogo mais avançadas, permitiram que as nações europeias conquistassem as populações nativas. Os Estados Unidos mais do que dobram de tamanho quando compram as reivindicações territoriais da França na América do Norte, por meio da Compra da Louisiana. Isso começa a expansão dos EUA para o oeste, para o Oceano Pacífico, conhecido como seu Destino Manifesto, que envolveu anexar e conquistar terras do México, Grã-Bretanha e nativos americanos. Foi a época do Velho Oeste (de 1850 até o século seguinte, em 1924). A maioria dos países da América Central e do Sul obteve independência dos senhores coloniais durante o século XIX. A escravidão ou escravatura foi grandemente reduzida ao redor do mundo após o sucesso da Revolta Escrava no Haiti. A Inglaterra forçou bárbaros piratas a parar com as suas práticas de sequestro e escravismo, banindo a escravidão em todo seu domínio, além de cobrar que a sua marinha encerrasse com o comércio global de escravos. Os Estados Unidos, após a sua Guerra Civil, aboliram a escravidão em 1865. A escravidão brasileira foi abolida em 1888 (ver Abolicionismo). O Brasil via os últimos tempos do Império. E a servidão foi abolida na Rússia. O século XIX também viu a rápida criação e desenvolvimento de muitos desportos, particularmente na Inglaterra e nos Estados Unidos. Assim como o futebol, rúgbi e o beisebol, muitos outros desportes foram desenvolvidos durante esse período, enquanto o Império Britânico facilitou a propagação rápida de desportos como o críquete para diferentes partes do mundo. Além de marcar a queda da ocupação otomana dos Balcãs que levou à criação da Sérvia, Bulgária, Montenegro e Romênia na sequência da Segunda Guerra Russo-Turca, seguiu-se a grande Guerra da Crimeia.
gold:hypernym: dbr:Century
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