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Statements

Subject Item
dbr:Art_of_the_United_Kingdom
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Pintura no Reino Unido Искусство Великобритании فن المملكة المتحدة Arte del Reino Unido Art of the United Kingdom Βικτωριανή τέχνη Art au Royaume-Uni
rdfs:comment
Искусство Великобритании — совокупность всех форм изобразительного искусства, созданных на территории современной Великобритании и её исторических стран: Англии, Шотландии, Уэльса и Ирландии (в том числе Северной Ирландии). Falar da pintura no Reino Unido é quase o mesmo que falar em pintura na Inglaterra. Não por ausência de aficcionados ou de instituições de apoio em outros lugares, mas da posição dominante que este país ocupa cultural e historicamente no Reino Unido, pôde ditar as diretrizes estéticas e levou seus países irmãos a desenvolverem sua pintura própria à sua sombra até pelo menos o século XX. The Art of the United Kingdom refers to all forms of visual art in or associated with the United Kingdom since the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 and encompasses English art, Scottish art, Welsh art and Irish art, and forms part of Western art history. During the 18th century, Britain began to reclaim the leading place England had previously played in European art during the Middle Ages, being especially strong in portraiture and landscape art. Η Βικτωριανή τέχνη είναι καλλιτεχνικό ρεύμα, το οποίο έκανε την εμφάνισή του κατά τη διάρκεια της βικτωριανής περιόδου. Η βικτωριανή τέχνη αναπτύχθηκε στη Βρετανία κατά τα μισά του 19ου αιώνα, και επηρέασε ιδιαίτερα την αρχιτεκτονική, τη γλυπτική και τη ζωγραφική. Arte del Reino Unido es una expresión con la que se hace referencia a la producción artística en el Reino Unido. La utilización de las expresiones arte inglés o arte británico es mucho más frecuente, aunque presente la antigüedad de la definición geográfica a la que pueda referirse estrictamente (Inglaterra y Gran Bretaña). Su ubicación cronológica también tiene problemas de ambigüedad, puesto que designa de forma variable (según la intención del que hace la designación) al conjunto del reino de Inglaterra, el reino de Escocia y el principado de Gales, a los que se suman, según la coyuntura histórica, la totalidad o parte de Irlanda (desde 1922 únicamente Irlanda del Norte) y las distintas zonas que han formado parte del Imperio Británico. يشمل فن المملكة المتحدة جميع أشكال الفن المرئي في المملكة المتحدة أو المرتبطة بها منذ تشكل مملكة بريطانيا العظمى في عام 1707 وتشمل أيضًا الفن الإنجليزي والفن الأسكتلندي والفن الويلزي والفن الإيرلندي ويشكل جزءًا من فنون أوروبا. بدأت بريطانيا خلال القرن الثامن عشر، في استعادة المكانة الرائدة التي لعبتها في الفن الأوروبي خلال العصور الوسطى، إذ كانت قويةً بشكل خاصٍ في فن البورتريه وفن المناظر الطبيعية. أدى الازدهار البريطاني المتزايد إلى ارتفاعٍ كبيرٍ في إنتاج الفنون الجميلة والفنون الزخرفية، التي غالبًا ما كانت تُصدَّر للخارج. وجاءت الفترة الرومانسية نتيجة مواهب متنوعة للغاية، بما في ذلك الرسامين: وليم بليك وتيرنر وجون كونستابل وصموئيل بالمر. شهدت الفترة الفيكتورية تنوعًا كبيرًا في الفن، وإنتاجًا أكبر بكثير مما كان موجودًا من قبل. أصبح الفن الفيكتوري فيما بعد بعيدًا عن اهتمام النقاد، إذ تركز L'art au Royaume-Uni fait référence à toutes les formes d'art visuel ou associés au Royaume-Uni depuis la création du Royaume de Grande-Bretagne en 1707 et inclut l'art anglais, l'art écossais, l' (en) et l', et fait partie de l'histoire de l'art occidental. La contribution britannique à l'art moderne primitif a été relativement faible, mais depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les artistes britanniques ont eu un impact considérable sur l'art contemporain, en particulier avec les œuvres figuratives, et la Grande-Bretagne reste un centre clé d'un monde de l'art de plus en plus mondialisé.
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A painting of a youth wearing blue. A painting of 2 men with bow and arrows
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Thomas Gainsborough, The Blue Boy, 1770 Joshua Reynolds, Colonel Acland and Lord Sydney: The Archers, 1769
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Sir Joshua Reynolds - Colonel Acland and Lord Sydney- The Archers - Google Art Project.jpg The Blue Boy.jpg
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The Art of the United Kingdom refers to all forms of visual art in or associated with the United Kingdom since the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 and encompasses English art, Scottish art, Welsh art and Irish art, and forms part of Western art history. During the 18th century, Britain began to reclaim the leading place England had previously played in European art during the Middle Ages, being especially strong in portraiture and landscape art. Increased British prosperity at the time led to a greatly increased production of both fine art and the decorative arts, the latter often being exported. The Romantic period resulted from very diverse talents, including the painters William Blake, J. M. W. Turner, John Constable and Samuel Palmer. The Victorian period saw a great diversity of art, and a far bigger quantity created than before. Much Victorian art is now out of critical favour, with interest concentrated on the Pre-Raphaelites and the innovative movements at the end of the 18th century. The training of artists, which had long been neglected, began to improve in the 18th century through private and government initiatives, and greatly expanded in the 19th century. Public exhibitions and the later opening of museums brought art to a wider public, especially in London. In the 19th century publicly displayed religious art once again became popular after a virtual absence since the Reformation, and, as in other countries, movements such as the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and the Glasgow School contended with established Academic art. The British contribution to early Modernist art was relatively small, but since World War II British artists have made a considerable impact on Contemporary art, especially with figurative work, and Britain remains a key centre of an increasingly globalized art world. Falar da pintura no Reino Unido é quase o mesmo que falar em pintura na Inglaterra. Não por ausência de aficcionados ou de instituições de apoio em outros lugares, mas da posição dominante que este país ocupa cultural e historicamente no Reino Unido, pôde ditar as diretrizes estéticas e levou seus países irmãos a desenvolverem sua pintura própria à sua sombra até pelo menos o século XX. A Irlanda foi continuamente atribulada por invasões estrangeiras e disputas entre os pequenos reinos que a compunham na Idade Média, até ser conquistada no tempo de Henrique VIII. Depois foi maciçamente colonizada por ingleses e escoceses, passou por uma sangrenta guerra civil, sofreu com o perene antagonismo à Inglaterra e com períodos de fome que dizimaram sua população, até que em meio a novos conflitos sofreu no século XX uma divisão que libertou a maior parte de seu território para um governo autônomo, enquanto permanecia ligada ao Reino Unido apenas sua fração norte, a Irlanda do Norte. Desta forma, salvo um período no século VII quando liderou a arte nas ilhas com uma importante escola de iluminuras, as condições para um florescimento artístico local foram sempre difíceis, embora ele tenha acontecido com algum vigor desde o século XVIII e hoje tenha muita consistência. O País de Gales não teve uma história muito diferente. Ocupado por celtas, romanos e depois por normandos e tribos anglo-saxônicas, permaneceu fragmentário até 1284, quando o Estatuto de Rhuddlan determinou sua anexação à Inglaterra como um principado, confirmada por atos legais entre 1535 e 1542, que permaneceram vigorando até os anos 1950. Contudo, da mesma forma que a Irlanda, Gales experimentou um ciclo medieval de significativa atividade artística no terreno das iluminuras, produzindo algumas obras-primas como os Evangelhos de Lichfield. Somente no século XIX a educação começou a se generalizar, e o Romantismo de então favoreceu um revivalismo das tradições celtas, que foram objeto de recriações em pintura em outras formas de arte, principalmente por artistas ingleses. No final do século XX, com o desenvolvimento econômico e cultural, já se cultivava a pintura discretamente. A Escócia deu uma contribuição significativa à pintura britânica além do período medieval, quando também ali se verificou um florescimento da arte da iluminura. Essa contribuição adicional em larga medida dependeu da instrução inglesa, e teria de esperar pelo menos até o século XV para tomar impulso, quando o patronato de Jaime III incentivou as artes locais. No século XVIII o chamado Iluminismo Escocês fortalece a cultura local, num período em que a Escócia se tornara um dos países mais alfabetizados da Europa. Surgem diversos pintores importantes - embora amiúde atraídos para Londres - e se formam em Glasgow e Edimburgo centros de cultivo consistente de pintura. No século XIX as condições sociais e culturais já possibilitavam a fundação de uma influente e aparecem escolas locais de influência e com caráter próprio. No século XX a Escócia confirma sua segunda posição no ambiente cultural britânico, com muitas escolas de arte, museus importantes e inúmeros pintores praticantes. Quanto à Inglaterra, sua história será abordada com mais detalhe ao longo do artigo. Os mais antigos testemunhos de uma prática de pintura nas ilhas britânicas datam do século VII. Estes exemplos primitivos são encontrados, contudo, apenas em manuscritos, tratando-se das célebres iluminuras do cristianismo celta. Ao longo da Idade Média, Renascimento e Barroco a maior parte dos pintores ativos na região são estrangeiros, e por isso em parte se justifica a afirmativa dos que consideram a pintura no Reino Unido como tendo nascido apenas no século XVIII, quando se formou importante escola de mestres locais. Desde lá esta forma de arte no Reino desenvolveu-se em pé de igualdade com o que ocorria no restante da Europa e deu valiosas contribuições próprias à pintura do ocidente, onde hoje é uma das referências mais importantes. L'art au Royaume-Uni fait référence à toutes les formes d'art visuel ou associés au Royaume-Uni depuis la création du Royaume de Grande-Bretagne en 1707 et inclut l'art anglais, l'art écossais, l' (en) et l', et fait partie de l'histoire de l'art occidental. Au cours du XVIIIe siècle, la Grande-Bretagne devient une place importante de l'art européen, particulièrement dans les du portrait et de la peinture de paysage. L'augmentation de la prospérité britannique a conduit à une augmentation considérable aussi bien dans les beaux-arts que les arts décoratifs, ces derniers étant souvent exportés. La période romantique résulte de talents très divers, dont les peintres William Blake, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Constable et Samuel Palmer. L'époque victorienne a vu une grande diversité d'art, et une plus grande productivité. Une grande partie de l'art victorien est désormais moins bien considéré, l'intérêt restant concentré sur les préraphaélites et les mouvements innovants de la fin du XVIIIe siècle. La formation des artistes, longtemps négligée, a commencé à s'améliorer au XVIIIe siècle grâce à des initiatives privées, en particulier John Boydell, et gouvernementales, sensibilisées par les premières, et s'est considérablement développée au XIXe siècle. Des expositions publiques et l'ouverture ultérieure de musées ont fait connaître l'art à un public plus large, en particulier à Londres. Au XIXe siècle, l'art religieux affiché publiquement est redevenu populaire après une quasi-absence depuis la Réforme protestante et, comme dans d'autres pays, des mouvements tels que la confrérie préraphaélite et la Glasgow School ont lutté avec l'art académique établi. La contribution britannique à l'art moderne primitif a été relativement faible, mais depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les artistes britanniques ont eu un impact considérable sur l'art contemporain, en particulier avec les œuvres figuratives, et la Grande-Bretagne reste un centre clé d'un monde de l'art de plus en plus mondialisé. Искусство Великобритании — совокупность всех форм изобразительного искусства, созданных на территории современной Великобритании и её исторических стран: Англии, Шотландии, Уэльса и Ирландии (в том числе Северной Ирландии). Arte del Reino Unido es una expresión con la que se hace referencia a la producción artística en el Reino Unido. La utilización de las expresiones arte inglés o arte británico es mucho más frecuente, aunque presente la antigüedad de la definición geográfica a la que pueda referirse estrictamente (Inglaterra y Gran Bretaña). Su ubicación cronológica también tiene problemas de ambigüedad, puesto que designa de forma variable (según la intención del que hace la designación) al conjunto del reino de Inglaterra, el reino de Escocia y el principado de Gales, a los que se suman, según la coyuntura histórica, la totalidad o parte de Irlanda (desde 1922 únicamente Irlanda del Norte) y las distintas zonas que han formado parte del Imperio Británico. Η Βικτωριανή τέχνη είναι καλλιτεχνικό ρεύμα, το οποίο έκανε την εμφάνισή του κατά τη διάρκεια της βικτωριανής περιόδου. Η βικτωριανή τέχνη αναπτύχθηκε στη Βρετανία κατά τα μισά του 19ου αιώνα, και επηρέασε ιδιαίτερα την αρχιτεκτονική, τη γλυπτική και τη ζωγραφική. يشمل فن المملكة المتحدة جميع أشكال الفن المرئي في المملكة المتحدة أو المرتبطة بها منذ تشكل مملكة بريطانيا العظمى في عام 1707 وتشمل أيضًا الفن الإنجليزي والفن الأسكتلندي والفن الويلزي والفن الإيرلندي ويشكل جزءًا من فنون أوروبا. بدأت بريطانيا خلال القرن الثامن عشر، في استعادة المكانة الرائدة التي لعبتها في الفن الأوروبي خلال العصور الوسطى، إذ كانت قويةً بشكل خاصٍ في فن البورتريه وفن المناظر الطبيعية. أدى الازدهار البريطاني المتزايد إلى ارتفاعٍ كبيرٍ في إنتاج الفنون الجميلة والفنون الزخرفية، التي غالبًا ما كانت تُصدَّر للخارج. وجاءت الفترة الرومانسية نتيجة مواهب متنوعة للغاية، بما في ذلك الرسامين: وليم بليك وتيرنر وجون كونستابل وصموئيل بالمر. شهدت الفترة الفيكتورية تنوعًا كبيرًا في الفن، وإنتاجًا أكبر بكثير مما كان موجودًا من قبل. أصبح الفن الفيكتوري فيما بعد بعيدًا عن اهتمام النقاد، إذ تركز الاهتمام على رابطة ما قبل الرفائيلية والحركات الإبداعية في نهاية القرن الثامن عشر. بدأ تدريب الفنانين، الذي كان مهملًا منذ فترة طويلة، بالتحسن في القرن الثامن عشر من خلال المبادرات الخاصة والحكومية، وتوسع بشكلٍ كبيرٍ في القرن التاسع عشر. نُقِل الفن لاحقًا عبر المعارض العامة والمتاحف إلى جمهور أوسع، وخاصة في لندن. أصبح الفن الديني في القرن التاسع عشر، شعبيًا مرة أخرى بعد غياب افتراضي منذ الإصلاح البروتستانتي، ومثلما هو الحال في بلدانٍ أخرى، فإن حركاتٍ مثل: ما قبل الرفائيلية ومدرسة غلاسكو كانت تتنافس مع تأسيس الفن الأكاديمي. كانت المساهمة البريطانية في بدايات الفن الحديث صغيرة نسبيًا، ولكن منذ الحرب العالمية الثانية، كان للفنانين البريطانيين تأثير كبير على الفن المعاصر، خاصةً مع الأعمال التصويرية، وبقيت بريطانيا مركزًا رئيسيًا للفن العالمي.
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