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Statements

Subject Item
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Lei de Comstock Comstock laws Comstock Laws Comstock-Gesetze コムストック法 Comstock Act Comstock laws
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Le Comstock Act ou Loi Comstock est une loi fédérale, adoptée par le Sénat des États-Unis le 3 mars 1873. Elle réprime « le commerce et la circulation de la littérature obscène et des articles d'usage immoral ». La loi rend illégale l'utilisation du service postal des États-Unis pour expédier des articles et matériel érotiques, contraceptifs, produits abortifs et toute information concernant ces éléments. Ceci empêche certains journaux, notamment anarchistes, de servir leurs abonnés. Adoptée en 1873 par le Congrès aux États-Unis, la loi fédérale Comstock visait à la "Suppression du Commerce et de la Diffusion de Littérature Obscène ou d'Objet à Usage Immoral".Par extension, les lois Comstock désignent l'ensemble des lois dérivées de celle-ci et adoptées par 24 États américains. Comstock-Gesetze (engl. Comstock laws) werden die nach Anthony Comstock benannten Beschränkungen des Versands von Schriften und Gegenständen über die Post in den USA bezeichnet. Sie hatten weitgehende Auswirkungen unter anderem auf die Pressefreiheit und sind in mancher Hinsicht noch bis zur Gegenwart im Einsatz. Comstock Laws är samlingsnamnet på ett antal federala lagar som infördes i USA 1873, samt de följande delstatslagar som infördes i association till dem. Den ursprungliga Comstock Law infördes 3 mars 1873 med namnet "Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use". Den infördes efter framgångsrika påtryckningar från under ledning av Anthony Comstock, och fick därav sitt namn. Lagen förbjöd distribueringen av "osedligt material", vilket innefattade pornografi, sexleksaker, och information om preventivmedel och abort. I praktiken förbjöd lagen preventivmedel och abort i USA. En federal lag från 1909 kompletterade lagen med att förbjuda distribution av även andra distributörer än U.S. Post Office. De två federala lagarna kompletterades The Comstock laws were a set of federal acts passed by the United States Congress under the Grant administration along with related state laws. The "parent" act (Sect. 211) was passed on March 3, 1873, as the Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use. This Act criminalized any use of the U.S. Postal Service to send any of the following items: obscenity, contraceptives, abortifacients, sex toys, personal letters with any sexual content or information, or any information regarding the above items. コムストック法（en:Comstock Act）とは、アメリカで1873年3月3日に成立した郵便に関する連邦法の通称である。
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Le Comstock Act ou Loi Comstock est une loi fédérale, adoptée par le Sénat des États-Unis le 3 mars 1873. Elle réprime « le commerce et la circulation de la littérature obscène et des articles d'usage immoral ». La loi rend illégale l'utilisation du service postal des États-Unis pour expédier des articles et matériel érotiques, contraceptifs, produits abortifs et toute information concernant ces éléments. Ceci empêche certains journaux, notamment anarchistes, de servir leurs abonnés. Là où le gouvernement fédéral a une compétence directe, comme à Washington, la loi a également érigé en délit, passible d'une amende et d'emprisonnement, la vente, le don ou la possession d'une publication « obscène ». La moitié des États américains adoptent des lois anti-obscénité similaires interdisant la possession et la vente de matériel obscène, y compris les contraceptifs. La loi tire son nom de son principal initiateur, Anthony Comstock, impliqué personnellement dans l'élaboration du texte. Comstock reçoit mandat d'agent spécial pour les services postaux des États-Unis qui lui permet de se déplacer armé et d'ouvrir à bord des trains tous les courriers pour en vérifier le contenu. Adoptée en 1873 par le Congrès aux États-Unis, la loi fédérale Comstock visait à la "Suppression du Commerce et de la Diffusion de Littérature Obscène ou d'Objet à Usage Immoral".Par extension, les lois Comstock désignent l'ensemble des lois dérivées de celle-ci et adoptées par 24 États américains. Comstock Laws är samlingsnamnet på ett antal federala lagar som infördes i USA 1873, samt de följande delstatslagar som infördes i association till dem. Den ursprungliga Comstock Law infördes 3 mars 1873 med namnet "Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use". Den infördes efter framgångsrika påtryckningar från under ledning av Anthony Comstock, och fick därav sitt namn. Lagen förbjöd distribueringen av "osedligt material", vilket innefattade pornografi, sexleksaker, och information om preventivmedel och abort. I praktiken förbjöd lagen preventivmedel och abort i USA. En federal lag från 1909 kompletterade lagen med att förbjuda distribution av även andra distributörer än U.S. Post Office. De två federala lagarna kompletterades av ett antal delstatslagar. Bland annat förbjöds även import av sexuellt material från utlandet i Washington, D.C. Alla dess lagar kallades för ett sammanfattande namn för Comstock Laws. Comstock Laws ifrågasattes alltmer från sekelskiftet 1900 och framåt som juridiskt bristfälliga och osammanhängande. De ifrågasattes också av socialreformatorer som ville legalisera preventivmedel och abort, som inte uttryckligen förbjöds av Comstock Laws men i praktiken gjorde dem närmast omöjliga att utöva. Comstock Laws' restriktioner kring preventivmedel och abort förklarades upphävda genom högsta domstolens precedensfall Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) och Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972). コムストック法（en:Comstock Act）とは、アメリカで1873年3月3日に成立した郵便に関する連邦法の通称である。 Comstock-Gesetze (engl. Comstock laws) werden die nach Anthony Comstock benannten Beschränkungen des Versands von Schriften und Gegenständen über die Post in den USA bezeichnet. Sie hatten weitgehende Auswirkungen unter anderem auf die Pressefreiheit und sind in mancher Hinsicht noch bis zur Gegenwart im Einsatz. Der Comstock Act vom 3. März 1873 war ein US-Bundesgesetz mit weitgehenden Folgen für den Versand von erotischen Schriften und Verhütungsmitteln. Nach dem Gesetz war es illegal, obszöne Materialien, einschließlich Verhütungsmitteln, über den Postweg auf Bundesebene zu versenden. 24 US-Bundesstaaten verabschiedeten eine ähnliche Gesetzgebung für die innerstaatliche Post. The Comstock laws were a set of federal acts passed by the United States Congress under the Grant administration along with related state laws. The "parent" act (Sect. 211) was passed on March 3, 1873, as the Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use. This Act criminalized any use of the U.S. Postal Service to send any of the following items: obscenity, contraceptives, abortifacients, sex toys, personal letters with any sexual content or information, or any information regarding the above items. A similar federal act (Sect. 245) of 1909 applied to delivery by interstate "express" or any other common carrier (such as railroad), rather than delivery by the U.S. Post Office. In addition to these federal laws, about half of the states enacted laws related to the federal Comstock laws. These state laws are considered by women's rights activist Mary Dennett to also be "Comstock laws". The laws were named after their chief proponent, US Postal Inspector and anti-vice activist Anthony Comstock. Comstock received a commission from the Postmaster General to serve as a special agent for the U.S. Post Office Department. In Washington, D.C., where the federal government had direct jurisdiction, another Comstock act (Sect. 312) also made it illegal (punishable by up to five years at hard labor), to sell, lend, or give away any "obscene" publication, or article used for contraception or abortion. Section 305 of the Tariff Act of 1922 forbade the importation of any contraceptive information or means. Numerous failed attempts were made to repeal or modify these laws and eventually, many of them (or portions of them) were declared unconstitutional. In a 1919 issue of the Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, Judge J. C. Ruppenthal, after reviewing the various laws (especially state laws) called the set of acts "haphazard and capricious" and lacking "any clear, broad, well-defined principle or purpose". The restrictions on birth control in the Comstock laws were effectively rendered null and void by Supreme Court decisions Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) and Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972). Furthermore Congress removed the restrictions on contraception in 1971 but let the rest of the Comstock law stand.
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