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Court of Common Pleas (England) Cour des plaids-communs Court of Common Pleas (England und Wales) 民事訴訟法院 (英格蘭) Corte de Apelações Comuns Court of Common Pleas
rdfs:comment
The Court of Common Pleas, or Common Bench, was a common law court in the English legal system that covered "common pleas"; actions between subject and subject, which did not concern the king. Created in the late 12th to early 13th century after splitting from the Exchequer of Pleas, the Common Pleas served as one of the central English courts for around 600 years. Authorised by Magna Carta to sit in a fixed location, the Common Pleas sat in Westminster Hall for its entire existence, joined by the Exchequer of Pleas and Court of King's Bench. 民事訴訟法院（英語：Court of Common Pleas）。一直至13世纪，英格兰有两种法院，一种随国王流动，对刑事诉讼和民事诉讼具有管辖权；另一种是固定在某一地点，后来通常设在威斯敏斯特，负责审理民事诉讼。这些法院的活动自1223年起分别记录在彻览卷宗和法院卷宗上。《大宪章》第17条规定，民事訴訟法院不应随国王流动，而应被设在一特定地点。1272年，一独立的民事訴訟法院首席法官被任命。但是民事訴訟法院的级别低于国王的法院即王座法庭，因为王座法庭负责处理民事訴訟法院的错误。民事訴訟法院受理英格兰臣民间的民事诉讼。在该法院可以提起全部的物权诉讼以及旧时关于债务、返还原物、帐目和契约违反等的对人诉讼。这使它垄断了中世纪时期的重要职能。尽管不是最高的普通法法院，但它在当时最为活跃。它对地方法院和采邑法院行使监督权，但是其判决由王座法庭复核。民事訴訟法院对物权诉讼的排他性管辖权一直持续到19世纪，但是大部分旧时诉讼方式在很早之前就已取消，而且王座法院和理财法院通过法律上的拟制，以及由于收回不动产诉讼和对有关案件的侵权行为的增长，侵夺了民事訴訟法院的管辖权。 La Court of Common Pleas (in italiano "Corte delle udienze comuni"), o Common Bench, fu un tribunale di common law facente parte del sistema legale inglese con giurisdizione sulle controversie tra suddito e suddito, che non riguardavano il re. Creato tra la fine del XII e l'inizio del XIII secolo come enucleazione della Curia regis (corte del re), la Court of Common Pleas è stata una delle corti inglesi centrali per circa 600 anni. Autorizzata dalla Magna Carta a sedere in una postazione fissa, la corte rimase a Westminster Hall per tutta la sua esistenza, insieme alla Court of Exchequer e alla Court of King's Bench. Der Court of Common Pleas war ein oberer Gerichtshof in England bzw. in Großbritannien. Seine Geschichte geht bis in das 12. Jahrhundert zurück. Seine Aufgaben übernahm 1880 der High Court of Justice. A Corte de Apelações Comuns, ou Tribunal Comum, foi um tribunal de direito comum (common law) no sistema jurídico inglês que cobria "fundamentos comuns", isto é, ações entre indivíduos que não interessavam ao rei. Criado entre o final do século XII e o início do século XIII depois de se separar do , a Corte de Apelações Comuns serviu como uma das cortes centrais inglesas por cerca de 600 anos. Autorizado pela Magna Carta a se estabelecer num local fixo, o Tribunal Comum sentou-se no Westminster Hall por toda a sua existência, junto do Tribunal do Tesouro e o Tribunal do Banco do Rei. La Cour des plaids-communs, en anglais Court of Common Pleas, est une ancienne cour de justice anglaise. Elle est créée par Henri II pour soulager le Banc du roi, et constitue la troisième plus haute cour de justice anglaise (avec le Banc du roi et la (en)) jusqu'à sa suppression en 1873. Les plaids-communs ont été un lieu d'innovation et la source d'un certain nombre d'innovations jurisprudentielles, bien qu'à partir du XVIe siècle ils voient leur importance diminuer, et leur domaine de compétence petit à petit redistribué aux autres cours de justice.
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Der Court of Common Pleas war ein oberer Gerichtshof in England bzw. in Großbritannien. Seine Geschichte geht bis in das 12. Jahrhundert zurück. Seine Aufgaben übernahm 1880 der High Court of Justice. A Corte de Apelações Comuns, ou Tribunal Comum, foi um tribunal de direito comum (common law) no sistema jurídico inglês que cobria "fundamentos comuns", isto é, ações entre indivíduos que não interessavam ao rei. Criado entre o final do século XII e o início do século XIII depois de se separar do , a Corte de Apelações Comuns serviu como uma das cortes centrais inglesas por cerca de 600 anos. Autorizado pela Magna Carta a se estabelecer num local fixo, o Tribunal Comum sentou-se no Westminster Hall por toda a sua existência, junto do Tribunal do Tesouro e o Tribunal do Banco do Rei. A jurisdição do tribunal foi gradualmente prejudicada pelo Banco do Rei e pelo Tribunal do Tesouro com ficções jurídicas, a e o , respectivamente. A Corte de Apelações Comuns manteve sua jurisdição exclusiva sobre questões de bens imóveis até sua dissolução e, devido ao seu amplo mandato, foram considerados por como a "fechadura e a chave da common law". Era composta por um Chefe de Justiça e um número variado de juízes subalternos, que eram necessariamente servos da lei, e até meados do século XIX apenas esses servos podiam pleitear a função. Como um dos dois principais tribunais de common law com o Banco do Rei, o Tribunal Comum lutou para manter sua jurisdição e número de casos, de uma forma que durante os séculos XVI e XVII foi categorizado como conservador e reacionário. Alcançar um meio de comunicação aceitável com o Tribunal do Banco do Rei e o Tribunal do Tesouro provou ser a ruína de todos as três cortes; com vários tribunais de jurisdição quase idênticos, havia pouca necessidade de órgãos separados, e os tribunais superiores de Westminster foram fundidos pela em uma única Alta Corte de Justiça. Com o de 16 de dezembro de 1880, a Divisão de Apelações Comuns da Alta Corte deixou de existir, marcando o fim da Corte de Apelações Comuns. La Court of Common Pleas (in italiano "Corte delle udienze comuni"), o Common Bench, fu un tribunale di common law facente parte del sistema legale inglese con giurisdizione sulle controversie tra suddito e suddito, che non riguardavano il re. Creato tra la fine del XII e l'inizio del XIII secolo come enucleazione della Curia regis (corte del re), la Court of Common Pleas è stata una delle corti inglesi centrali per circa 600 anni. Autorizzata dalla Magna Carta a sedere in una postazione fissa, la corte rimase a Westminster Hall per tutta la sua esistenza, insieme alla Court of Exchequer e alla Court of King's Bench. La giurisdizione della corte è stata gradualmente ridotta per azione delle corti King's Bench e Exchequer tramite , rispettivamente le e . La Court of Common Pleas mantenne, tuttavia, la sua giurisdizione esclusiva su questioni di proprietà immobiliare fino al suo scioglimento; grazie a questo ampio mandato è stata definita da Sir Edward Coke come "la serratura e la chiave del common law". Era composta da un giudice superiore e da un numero variabile di giudici minori. Essendo uno dei due principali tribunali di Common law, insieme al King's Bench, la Court of Common Pleas combatté per mantenere le sue prerogative e la sua giurisdizione tanto che la sua azione tra il XVI e il XVII secolo è stata definita come conservatrice e reazionaria. Constata la sua inutile sovrapposizione con gli altri tribunali, con il Judicature Act 1873, tramite il quale il Parlamento del Regno Unito riorganizzò il sistema giudiziale, la Court of Common Pleas confluì nell'Alta corte di giustizia dell'Inghilterra e del Galles diventandone una parte. La Cour des plaids-communs, en anglais Court of Common Pleas, est une ancienne cour de justice anglaise. Elle est créée par Henri II pour soulager le Banc du roi, et constitue la troisième plus haute cour de justice anglaise (avec le Banc du roi et la (en)) jusqu'à sa suppression en 1873. Les plaids-communs ont été un lieu d'innovation et la source d'un certain nombre d'innovations jurisprudentielles, bien qu'à partir du XVIe siècle ils voient leur importance diminuer, et leur domaine de compétence petit à petit redistribué aux autres cours de justice. 民事訴訟法院（英語：Court of Common Pleas）。一直至13世纪，英格兰有两种法院，一种随国王流动，对刑事诉讼和民事诉讼具有管辖权；另一种是固定在某一地点，后来通常设在威斯敏斯特，负责审理民事诉讼。这些法院的活动自1223年起分别记录在彻览卷宗和法院卷宗上。《大宪章》第17条规定，民事訴訟法院不应随国王流动，而应被设在一特定地点。1272年，一独立的民事訴訟法院首席法官被任命。但是民事訴訟法院的级别低于国王的法院即王座法庭，因为王座法庭负责处理民事訴訟法院的错误。民事訴訟法院受理英格兰臣民间的民事诉讼。在该法院可以提起全部的物权诉讼以及旧时关于债务、返还原物、帐目和契约违反等的对人诉讼。这使它垄断了中世纪时期的重要职能。尽管不是最高的普通法法院，但它在当时最为活跃。它对地方法院和采邑法院行使监督权，但是其判决由王座法庭复核。民事訴訟法院对物权诉讼的排他性管辖权一直持续到19世纪，但是大部分旧时诉讼方式在很早之前就已取消，而且王座法院和理财法院通过法律上的拟制，以及由于收回不动产诉讼和对有关案件的侵权行为的增长，侵夺了民事訴訟法院的管辖权。 民事訴訟法院还有监督或纠正较古老的地方法院的错误的管辖权。这可以通过发布调案令，纠正错误判决令和在可能情况下发布再审令进行。17世纪时，该法院取得了发布禁审令和《人身保护出庭状》的一般管辖权。早期，高级律师在民事訴訟法院独享出庭权。这种做法由于诉讼费用过高而使得该法院不受欢迎。该法院于1875年被取消，并入新组建的高等法院，但立到1880年，其名称一直保留在民事訴訟法庭的名称个。原来属于民事訴訟法院专屑管辖范围内的诉讼全部转交给民事訴訟法庭。1880年，民事訴訟法庭和理财法庭并入高等法院皇座法庭。 The Court of Common Pleas, or Common Bench, was a common law court in the English legal system that covered "common pleas"; actions between subject and subject, which did not concern the king. Created in the late 12th to early 13th century after splitting from the Exchequer of Pleas, the Common Pleas served as one of the central English courts for around 600 years. Authorised by Magna Carta to sit in a fixed location, the Common Pleas sat in Westminster Hall for its entire existence, joined by the Exchequer of Pleas and Court of King's Bench. The court's jurisdiction was gradually undercut by the King's Bench and Exchequer of Pleas with legal fictions, the Bill of Middlesex and Writ of Quominus respectively. The Common Pleas maintained its exclusive jurisdiction over matters of real property until its dissolution, and due to its wide remit was considered by Sir Edward Coke to be the "lock and key of the common law". It was staffed by one Chief Justice and a varying number of puisne justices, who were required to be Serjeants-at-Law, and until the mid 19th century only Serjeants were allowed to plead there. As one of the two principal common law courts with the King's Bench, the Common Pleas fought to maintain its jurisdiction and caseload, in a way that during the 16th and 17th centuries was categorised as conservative and reactionary. Reaching an acceptable medium with the King's Bench and Exchequer of Pleas proved to be the downfall of all three courts; with several courts of near-identical jurisdiction, there was little need for separate bodies, and the superior courts of Westminster were merged by the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 into a single High Court of Justice. With an Order in Council issued on 16 December 1880, the Common Pleas Division of the High Court ceased to exist, marking the end of the Court of Common Pleas.
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