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Subject Item
dbr:Fear_conditioning
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Condicionamiento del miedo Vreesconditionering 恐怖条件付け Fear conditioning 공포 조건화
rdfs:comment
Pavlovian fear conditioning is a behavioral paradigm in which organisms learn to predict aversive events. It is a form of learning in which an aversive stimulus (e.g. an electrical shock) is associated with a particular neutral context (e.g., a room) or neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone), resulting in the expression of fear responses to the originally neutral stimulus or context. This can be done by pairing the neutral stimulus with an aversive stimulus (e.g., an electric shock, loud noise, or unpleasant odor). Eventually, the neutral stimulus alone can elicit the state of fear. In the vocabulary of classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus or context is the "conditional stimulus" (CS), the aversive stimulus is the "unconditional stimulus" (US), and the fear is the "conditional response" ( Vreesconditionering ((en) fear conditioning) wil zeggen; het opwekken van vrees door middel van klassiek conditioneren. Hierbij wordt een neutrale (CS: bijvoorbeeld een toon of lichtflits) gevolgd door een (UCS: bijvoorbeeld een elektrische schok).Na verloop van tijd zal bij weglating van de UCS ook de CS een vreesreactie oproepen. Vreesconditionering is een veelgebruikte methode om emoties te onderzoeken, en kan aangetoond worden in allerlei diersoorten zoals slakken, vruchtvliegen, vogels, hagedissen, vissen, konijnen, ratten, apen en ook de mens. Het mechanisme dat hieraan ten grondslag ligt, blijkt nagenoeg identiek te zijn voor de genoemde organismen. Eenmaal aangeleerd, is de vreesreactie vrij permanent. 공포 조건화(Fear conditioning)는 공포에 대한 학습과 기억 측정하기 적합한 동물 모델로 그 개념은 고전적 조건화와 같다. 흰쥐나 생쥐, 토끼와 같은 실험동물에게 소리나 빛과 같은 조건 자극(conditioned stimulus, CS)과 전기자극과 같은 위협적인 비조건 자극(unconditioned stimulus, US)을 동시에 주게 되면 시간이 흐른 후에 이전에 주었던 소리나 빛에 의해 전기자극에 의해 나타나던 반응이 전기자극없이도 나타나게 된다. 이러한 반응을 조건 반응(conditioned response, CR)이라고 한다. 즉, 공포 조건화에 의해 조건 자극과 비조건 자극간의 연합학습이 일어남으로서 조건 자극에 의해 조건 반응이 유도되는 것이다. 공포조건화에서는 조건 반응을 공포 반응이라고도 한다. 흰쥐에 있어서 대표적인 공포반응은 'freezing'과 자율신경계의 활성(혈압,맥박,호흡수의 증가 등) 등이 있다. 恐怖条件付け（きょうふじょうけんづけ）とは、ヒトを含む動物に生得的に備わる古典的条件付け反応の一つである。通常、恐怖を引き起こすことがないレベルの光や音（）と恐怖を起こす電気刺激や痛みなど（非条件あるいは）を組み合わせることにより、条件刺激のみの提示で（など）を引き起こすを言う。様々な生物で知られており、危険を避けるための学習行動の一つである。 心理学において、げっ歯類を用いて記憶の評価をするためによく用いられている。 El condicionamiento del miedo es un aprendizaje de tipo pavloviano (véase conductismo), en el cual un estímulo llega a predecir la ocurrencia de un evento potencialmente mortal, y genera en consecuencia respuestas fisiológicas y conductuales de miedo, que originalmente no generaba.​ A través del condicionamiento del miedo pueden llegar a reconocerse amenazas presentes en el medio ambiente que de forma innata no se reconocerían.​​
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dbo:abstract
恐怖条件付け（きょうふじょうけんづけ）とは、ヒトを含む動物に生得的に備わる古典的条件付け反応の一つである。通常、恐怖を引き起こすことがないレベルの光や音（）と恐怖を起こす電気刺激や痛みなど（非条件あるいは）を組み合わせることにより、条件刺激のみの提示で（など）を引き起こすを言う。様々な生物で知られており、危険を避けるための学習行動の一つである。 心理学において、げっ歯類を用いて記憶の評価をするためによく用いられている。 El condicionamiento del miedo es un aprendizaje de tipo pavloviano (véase conductismo), en el cual un estímulo llega a predecir la ocurrencia de un evento potencialmente mortal, y genera en consecuencia respuestas fisiológicas y conductuales de miedo, que originalmente no generaba.​ A través del condicionamiento del miedo pueden llegar a reconocerse amenazas presentes en el medio ambiente que de forma innata no se reconocerían.​​ Vreesconditionering ((en) fear conditioning) wil zeggen; het opwekken van vrees door middel van klassiek conditioneren. Hierbij wordt een neutrale (CS: bijvoorbeeld een toon of lichtflits) gevolgd door een (UCS: bijvoorbeeld een elektrische schok).Na verloop van tijd zal bij weglating van de UCS ook de CS een vreesreactie oproepen. Vreesconditionering is een veelgebruikte methode om emoties te onderzoeken, en kan aangetoond worden in allerlei diersoorten zoals slakken, vruchtvliegen, vogels, hagedissen, vissen, konijnen, ratten, apen en ook de mens. Het mechanisme dat hieraan ten grondslag ligt, blijkt nagenoeg identiek te zijn voor de genoemde organismen. Eenmaal aangeleerd, is de vreesreactie vrij permanent. Pavlovian fear conditioning is a behavioral paradigm in which organisms learn to predict aversive events. It is a form of learning in which an aversive stimulus (e.g. an electrical shock) is associated with a particular neutral context (e.g., a room) or neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone), resulting in the expression of fear responses to the originally neutral stimulus or context. This can be done by pairing the neutral stimulus with an aversive stimulus (e.g., an electric shock, loud noise, or unpleasant odor). Eventually, the neutral stimulus alone can elicit the state of fear. In the vocabulary of classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus or context is the "conditional stimulus" (CS), the aversive stimulus is the "unconditional stimulus" (US), and the fear is the "conditional response" (CR). Fear conditioning has been studied in numerous species, from snails to humans. In humans, conditioned fear is often measured with verbal report and galvanic skin response. In other animals, conditioned fear is often measured with freezing (a period of watchful immobility) or fear potentiated startle (the augmentation of the startle reflex by a fearful stimulus). Changes in heart rate, breathing, and muscle responses via electromyography can also be used to measure conditioned fear. A number of theorists have argued that conditioned fear coincides substantially with the mechanisms, both functional and neural, of clinical anxiety disorders. Research into the acquisition, consolidation and extinction of conditioned fear promises to inform new drug based and psychotherapeutic treatments for an array of pathological conditions such as dissociation, phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder. Scientists have discovered that there is a set of brain connections that determine how fear memories are stored and recalled. While studying rats' ability to recall fear memories, researchers found a newly identified brain circuit is involved. Initially, the pre-limbic prefrontal cortex (PL) and the basolateral amygdala (BLA) were identified in memory recall. A week later, the central amygdala (CeA) and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) were identified in memory recall, which are responsible for maintaining fear memories. This study shows how there are shifting circuits between short term recall and long term recall of fear memories. There is no change in behavior or response, only change in where the memory was recalled from. In addition to the amygdala, the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex are important in fear conditioning. Fear conditioning in the rat is stored at early times in the hippocampus, with alterations in hippocampal gene expression observed at 1 hour and 24 hours after the event. In the mouse, changed gene expression is also seen in the hippocampus at one hour and 24 hours after fear conditioning. These changes are transient in the hippocampal neurons, and almost none are present in the hippocampus after four weeks. By 4 weeks after the event, the memory of the fear conditioning event is more permanently stored in the anterior cingulate cortex. 공포 조건화(Fear conditioning)는 공포에 대한 학습과 기억 측정하기 적합한 동물 모델로 그 개념은 고전적 조건화와 같다. 흰쥐나 생쥐, 토끼와 같은 실험동물에게 소리나 빛과 같은 조건 자극(conditioned stimulus, CS)과 전기자극과 같은 위협적인 비조건 자극(unconditioned stimulus, US)을 동시에 주게 되면 시간이 흐른 후에 이전에 주었던 소리나 빛에 의해 전기자극에 의해 나타나던 반응이 전기자극없이도 나타나게 된다. 이러한 반응을 조건 반응(conditioned response, CR)이라고 한다. 즉, 공포 조건화에 의해 조건 자극과 비조건 자극간의 연합학습이 일어남으로서 조건 자극에 의해 조건 반응이 유도되는 것이다. 공포조건화에서는 조건 반응을 공포 반응이라고도 한다. 흰쥐에 있어서 대표적인 공포반응은 'freezing'과 자율신경계의 활성(혈압,맥박,호흡수의 증가 등) 등이 있다.
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