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Premier mouvement homosexuel 第一次同性戀運動 First homosexual movement Primo movimento omosessuale Primer movimiento homosexual Primer moviment homosexual
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Con la definizione di primo movimento omosessuale ci si riferisce a quelle personalità e forme di associazionismo, più o meno organizzate, che si sono battute a favore dei diritti LGBT dalla seconda metà del XIX secolo alla prima metà del XX secolo (sebbene sia da notare che l'acronimo LGBT è di datazione molto più recente); questo principalmente, ma non solo, in Germania e in ambito culturale tedesco. On appelle premier mouvement homosexuel le mouvement de lutte pour les droits LGBT qui se développe pendant les trois premières décennies du XXe siècle, principalement en Allemagne mais également dans d'autres pays d'Europe et aux États-Unis. 第一次同性戀運動從19世紀後期到1933年得到蓬勃發展。同性戀運動起源於德國，由多種原因促成，包括男男性行為刑事定罪（第175條）以及該國相對寬鬆的審查制度。19世紀中葉的德國作家創造「同性戀」一詞，並批評將其定為有罪。1897年，马格努斯·赫希菲尔德成立世界首個同性戀組織科學人道委員會，意在使用科學來提升大眾對同性戀的容忍度，並撤銷第175條。運動在德意志帝國期間只在受過良好教育的精英內流傳，但在第一次世界大戰和德國革命之後大大擴展。 威瑪共和國的同性戀亞文化壯大，有關審查得以放寬，促使同性戀運動發展。1919至1933年間，首批面向男同性戀、女同性戀或異裝讀者的大眾市場期刊出版，但要面臨1926年發佈後的審查訴訟和禁止公開銷售。第一個同性戀群眾組織和在戰後成立，這些組織強調人權和尊重政治，並排斥妓女和女性化的男同性戀，他們認為這些人有損運動的公眾形象。同性戀運動在普羅大眾的收效甚微，原因是許多德國人覺得同性戀具有傳染性。 Es denomina primer moviment homosexual el moviment de lluita pels drets LGBT que es va donar en les primeres tres dècades del segle xx, principalment a Alemanya, però també en uns altres països d'Europa i als Estats Units. The first homosexual movement thrived in Germany from the late nineteenth century until 1933. The movement began in Germany because of a confluence of factors, including the criminalization of sex between men (Paragraph 175) and the country's relatively lax censorship. German writers in the mid-nineteenth century coined the word homosexual and criticized its criminalization. In 1897, Magnus Hirschfeld founded the world's first homosexual organization, the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, whose aim was to use science to improve public tolerance of homosexuality and repeal Paragraph 175. During the German Empire, the movement was restricted to an educated elite, but it greatly expanded in the aftermath of World War I and the German Revolution. Se denomina primer movimiento homosexual al movimiento de lucha por los derechos LGBT que se dio en las primeras tres décadas del siglo XX, principalmente en Alemania, pero también en otros países de Europa y en Estados Unidos.​​
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Es denomina primer moviment homosexual el moviment de lluita pels drets LGBT que es va donar en les primeres tres dècades del segle xx, principalment a Alemanya, però també en uns altres països d'Europa i als Estats Units. El moviment té localitzades les arrels en els escrits de mitjan segle xix de Heinrich Hössli, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs i Károly Mária Kertbeny, els tres dins de la cultura de parla alemanya. Habitualment se situa el començament del primer moviment homosexual amb la creació el 1897 a Berlín del Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee de Magnus Hirschfeld. Dins del moviment alemany hi va haver altres dos corrents importants liderats per Adolf Brand i Friedrich Radszuweit. Aquest moviment no només va publicar nombroses obraes i revistes sobre el tema, sinó que, malgrat les nombroses dificultats, es va implicar activament per aconseguir l'acceptació de l'homosexualitat en la societat i l'eliminació de l'article 175 del codi penal alemany, que convertia l'homosexualitat en il·legal. El moviment alemany es va estendre per Europa Occidental i els Estats Units, i el 1928 es va fundar la Lliga mundial per la reforma sexual, una organització internacional que, entre altres objectius, buscava l'acceptació de l'homosexualitat. Tanmateix, tot aquest moviment es va veure impossibilitat des de mitjan dècada de 1930 per l'ascens del feixisme i l'inici de la Segona Guerra Mundial, i va desaparèixer, però va deixar a Suïssa una llavor que permetria el naixement del moviment homòfil després de la guerra. Se denomina primer movimiento homosexual al movimiento de lucha por los derechos LGBT que se dio en las primeras tres décadas del siglo XX, principalmente en Alemania, pero también en otros países de Europa y en Estados Unidos.​​ El movimiento tiene localizadas sus raíces en los escritos de mediados del siglo XIX de Heinrich Hössli, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs y Károly Mária Kertbeny, los tres dentro de la cultura de habla alemana. Habitualmente se sitúa el comienzo del primer movimiento homosexual con la creación en 1897 en Berlín del Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee de Magnus Hirschfeld.​ Dentro del movimiento alemán hubo otras dos corrientes importantes lideradas por Adolf Brand y Friedrich Radszuweit. Este movimiento no solo publicó innumerables obras y revistas sobre el tema, sino que, a pesar de numerosas dificultades, se implicó activamente para conseguir la aceptación de la homosexualidad en la sociedad y la eliminación del artículo 175 del código penal alemán, que convertía la homosexualidad en ilegal.​ El movimiento alemán se extendió por Europa Occidental y Estados Unidos, fundándose en 1928 la Liga mundial por la reforma sexual, una organización internacional que, entre otros objetivos, buscaba la aceptación de la homosexualidad. Sin embargo, todo este movimiento se vio imposibilitado desde mediados de la década de 1930 por el ascenso del fascismo y el inicio de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, desapareciendo, pero dejando en Suiza una semilla que permitiría el nacimiento del movimiento homófilo tras la Guerra. The first homosexual movement thrived in Germany from the late nineteenth century until 1933. The movement began in Germany because of a confluence of factors, including the criminalization of sex between men (Paragraph 175) and the country's relatively lax censorship. German writers in the mid-nineteenth century coined the word homosexual and criticized its criminalization. In 1897, Magnus Hirschfeld founded the world's first homosexual organization, the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, whose aim was to use science to improve public tolerance of homosexuality and repeal Paragraph 175. During the German Empire, the movement was restricted to an educated elite, but it greatly expanded in the aftermath of World War I and the German Revolution. Reduced censorship and the growth of homosexual subcultures in German cities helped the movement to flourish during the Weimar Republic. Between 1919 and 1933, the first publicly sold, mass-market periodicals intended for a gay, lesbian, or transvestite readership were published, although they faced censorship lawsuits and bans on public sale after the 1926 . The first mass organizations for homosexuals, the and the League for Human Rights, were founded in the aftermath of the war. These organizations emphasized human rights and respectability politics, and they excluded prostitutes and effeminate homosexual men, who were considered harmful to the movement's public image. The homosexual movement had limited success with the general public, because many Germans believed that homosexuality could be spread as a communicable disease. The movement began to wane in 1929 with the Great Depression, an increasingly hostile political climate, and the failure of the movement's main goal, the repeal of Paragraph 175. It effectively ended within a few months of the Nazi takeover in early 1933, and the relative tolerance of the Weimar era was followed by the most severe persecution of homosexual men in history. The Weimar Republic has held enduring interest for many LGBT people as a brief interlude in which gay men, lesbians, and transvestites took advantage of unprecedented freedoms. The movement had a strong influence on later LGBT movements. Con la definizione di primo movimento omosessuale ci si riferisce a quelle personalità e forme di associazionismo, più o meno organizzate, che si sono battute a favore dei diritti LGBT dalla seconda metà del XIX secolo alla prima metà del XX secolo (sebbene sia da notare che l'acronimo LGBT è di datazione molto più recente); questo principalmente, ma non solo, in Germania e in ambito culturale tedesco. Il movimento ha le sue radici negli scritti di tre autori di lingua tedesca della metà dell'800, l'autore svizzero Heinrich Hössli, l'avvocato Karl Heinrich Ulrichs e l'ungherese Károly Mária Kertbeny. Di solito la nascita vera e propria del primo movimento di liberazione omosessuale viene situato cronologicamente nel 1897 con la fondazione, da parte del medico socialista di origini ebraiche Magnus Hirschfeld del Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee avvenuta a Berlino ed esistito fino al 1933. All'interno del movimento tedesco vi erano anche altre due importanti tendenze, una più anarchicheggiante (seguace dell'anarco-individualismo) e al contempo con simpatie rivolte verso la destra guidata da Adolf Brand, la quale vedeva molto di cattivo occhio l'eccessiva "pubblicità" fatta all'effeminatezza da parte di Hirschfeld ed del suo Comitato; proponendone un'alternativa nel concetto di "omosessualità mascolina" ispirata alla storia della pederastia (soprattutto quella riferita all'antica pederastia greca, di stampo guerriero, perfettamente inserita nel sistema sociale ed essenzialmente pedagogica); l'altra più rivolta alla cultura, alla stampa e all'editoria seguita dallo scrittore e pubblicista Friedrich Radszuweit. Questo primo movimento non solo ha pubblicato libri e riviste sull'argomento ma anche, nonostante le numerose difficoltà, ha partecipato attivamente impegnandosi per ottenere l'accettazione dell'omosessualità da parte del tessuto sociale e in ambito politico-giuridico con la richiesta di abolizione del paragrafo 175, la legge tedesca che criminalizzava tutti gli atti omosessuali tra uomini adulti consenzienti. Il movimento tedesco si è successivamente propagato in altri paesi dell'Europa occidentale giungendo fino agli Stati Uniti d'America, con la istituita nel 1928; un'organizzazione internazionale che, tra gli altri obiettivi, aveva quello di favorire una maggior accettazione dell'omosessualità tra la popolazione. Tuttavia, questo movimento fu impossibilitato a proseguire la sua opera dai primi anni '30 del '900, a causa dell'ascesa sempre più massiccia dell'ideologia fascista in molte nazioni europee e, subito dopo, con l'avvio della seconda guerra mondiale; scomparendo così dappertutto ma lasciando un seme in Svizzera - tramite la rivista Der Kreis - il quale avrebbe permesso la nascita nell'immediato dopoguerra del movimento omofilo, diretto predecessore delle attuali associazioni LGBT. 第一次同性戀運動從19世紀後期到1933年得到蓬勃發展。同性戀運動起源於德國，由多種原因促成，包括男男性行為刑事定罪（第175條）以及該國相對寬鬆的審查制度。19世紀中葉的德國作家創造「同性戀」一詞，並批評將其定為有罪。1897年，马格努斯·赫希菲尔德成立世界首個同性戀組織科學人道委員會，意在使用科學來提升大眾對同性戀的容忍度，並撤銷第175條。運動在德意志帝國期間只在受過良好教育的精英內流傳，但在第一次世界大戰和德國革命之後大大擴展。 威瑪共和國的同性戀亞文化壯大，有關審查得以放寬，促使同性戀運動發展。1919至1933年間，首批面向男同性戀、女同性戀或異裝讀者的大眾市場期刊出版，但要面臨1926年發佈後的審查訴訟和禁止公開銷售。第一個同性戀群眾組織和在戰後成立，這些組織強調人權和尊重政治，並排斥妓女和女性化的男同性戀，他們認為這些人有損運動的公眾形象。同性戀運動在普羅大眾的收效甚微，原因是許多德國人覺得同性戀具有傳染性。 隨著大萧条、日益惡劣的政治氣候和運動廢除第175條的主要目標以失敗告終，運動於1929年開始走向衰落。事實上活動在納粹於1933年初接管後的幾個月內就結束，威瑪時期的相對寬容隨之而來的是歷史上對同性戀最嚴重的迫害。威瑪共和國是男同性戀、女同性戀和易服人士享有前所未有自由的小插曲，所以對LGBT人士來說有著歷久不衰的吸引力。這場運動對之後的LGBT權利運動有著強烈影響。 On appelle premier mouvement homosexuel le mouvement de lutte pour les droits LGBT qui se développe pendant les trois premières décennies du XXe siècle, principalement en Allemagne mais également dans d'autres pays d'Europe et aux États-Unis. Le mouvement trouve sa source dans les écrits du milieu du XIXe siècle de Heinrich Hössli, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs et Karl-Maria Kertbeny, tous trois de culture germanophone. On situe généralement les débuts du premier mouvement homosexuel au moment de la création du Comité scientifique humanitaire de Magnus Hirschfeld en 1897 à Berlin. Au sein du mouvement allemand, deux autres courants importants se distinguent, menés par Adolf Brand et Friedrich Radszuweit. Ce mouvement ne publie pas seulement d'innombrables œuvres et revues sur le sujet mais se bat également activement, malgré les difficultés, pour obtenir l'acceptation de l'homosexualité dans la société et la suppression de l'article 175 du Code pénal allemand qui pénalise l'homosexualité. Le mouvement allemand s'étend en Europe de l'Ouest et aux États-Unis et en 1928 on assiste à la création de la Ligue mondiale pour la réforme sexuelle, une organisation internationale dont l'un des principaux objectifs est l'acceptation de l'homosexualité. Pourtant, ce mouvement se voit rapidement réprimé dans les années 1935 en raison de la montée du fascisme et du début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il disparaît en laissant cependant une marque en Suisse qui permettra la naissance du mouvement homophile après la Guerre.
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