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Statements

Subject Item
dbr:Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War_and_War_in_Iraq
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IS-krigare i Syrien och Irak Foreign fighters in the Syrian Civil War and War in Iraq Combattants étrangers pendant les guerres civiles syrienne et irakienne Combatentes rebeldes estrangeiros na Guerra Civil Síria Combattenti ribelli stranieri nella guerra civile siriana المقاتلون الأجانب في الحربين الأهليتين السورية والعراقية Syriëganger
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Syriëganger (ook wel Syriëstrijder) is een term ter aanduiding van een buitenlandse strijder, vaak een jihadist, in de Syrische Burgeroorlog, in het bijzonder uit het Westen. De term heeft voornamelijk betrekking op personen die naar Syrië zijn gegaan om zich daar bij een terroristische groep te vervoegen en te strijden aan de zijde van de soennitische rebellen van het Vrij Syrisch Leger of extremistische organisaties als Jabhat al-Nusra en ISIS. Syriëgangers komen voornamelijk uit landen die ver van het oorlogsgebied vandaan liggen zoals West-Europa, de Balkan, Kaukasus en Noord-Afrika. Een zeer klein deel van de Syriëgangers zou niet actief zijn in gevechtshandelingen, maar is naar het gebied gekomen om in een andere vorm hulp te verlenen. La presenza di combattenti stranieri (spesso definiti come volontari stranieri o in inglese foreign fighters) tra le file dei miliziani ribelli che si oppongono alle truppe governative siriane, è un elemento caratterizzante della guerra civile siriana e ha permesso che la Siria diventasse "la prima mèta per i combattenti jihadisti e il più importante campo di battaglia del mondo per il jihād" nonché il più importante "punto di aggregazione e addestramento per i fondamentalisti islamici di altre nazioni". La meta privilegiata dei volontari stranieri sono infatti le formazioni più estremistiche del jihādismo takfirista. De nombreux combattants étrangers ont rejoint les rangs des organisations militaires impliquées dans les guerres civiles syriennes et irakienne. La plupart d'entre eux se battent aux côtés du gouvernement syrien ou des djihadistes de l'État islamique, tandis que d'autres combattent avec les milices kurdes, en particulier contre l'État islamique. Foreign fighters have fought on all four sides of the Syrian Civil War, as well both sides of the War in Iraq. In addition to Sunni foreign fighters, Shia fighters from several countries have joined pro-government militias in Syria, leftist militants have joined Kurdish fighting forces, and other foreign fighters have joined jihadist organizations and private military contractors recruit globally. Estimates of the total number of foreign Sunnis who have fought for the Syrian rebels over the course of the conflict range from 5,000 to over 10,000, while foreign Shia fighters numbered around 10,000 or less in 2013 rising to between 15,000 and 25,000 in 2017. IS-krigare i Syrien och Irak är personer, både män och kvinnor, som reste till Syrien och Irak för att ansluta sig till den islamistiska organisationen Islamiska staten när de försökte etablera en statsbildning där. På norska kallas de fremmedkrigare, på engelska kallas de foreign fighters och på franska combattants étrangers, vilket omfattar även stridande för andra grupper, på olika sidor i konflikten som inleddes i samband med utbrottet av Syriska inbördeskriget. Mellan 2011 och 2015 anslöt sig mellan 27 000 och 31 000 från utlandet till konflikterna i Irak och Syrien. حارب آلاف من المقاتلين الأجانب مع الأطراف الأربعة في الحرب الأهلية السورية وكذلك مع طرفي الحرب الأهلية العراقية. بسبب اصطباغ الحربين بصبغة طائفية، قاتلت جماعات سُنّية أجنبية مع جماعات المعارضة السورية و‌الدولة الإسلامية، بينما قاتلت جماعات مسلحة شيعية أجنبية مع الحكومتين السورية والعراقية، مثل الحشد الشعبي ولواء فاطميون، بينما قاتل يساريون أجانب مع وحدات حماية الشعب الكردية. تثير هذه الظاهرة المخاوف في البلدان الأصلية للمقاتلين الأجانب. وهذه الظاهرة ليست جديدة، ولكن حجم والأصول الواسعة النطاق في هذه الحالة غير عادية.
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n8:Liwa_Fatemiyoun_near_Palmyra_4.png?width=300
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British fighters of the International Freedom Battalion's 0161 Antifa Manchester Crew in Rojava Afghan militiamen of Liwa Fatemiyoun during the Palmyra offensive (December 2016)
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August 2019
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IFB Antifa Manchester.png Liwa Fatemiyoun near Palmyra 4.png
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dbo:abstract
IS-krigare i Syrien och Irak är personer, både män och kvinnor, som reste till Syrien och Irak för att ansluta sig till den islamistiska organisationen Islamiska staten när de försökte etablera en statsbildning där. På norska kallas de fremmedkrigare, på engelska kallas de foreign fighters och på franska combattants étrangers, vilket omfattar även stridande för andra grupper, på olika sidor i konflikten som inleddes i samband med utbrottet av Syriska inbördeskriget. Mellan 2011 och 2015 anslöt sig mellan 27 000 och 31 000 från utlandet till konflikterna i Irak och Syrien. Mest fokus har legat på IS-krigarna som kommit från Västeuropa och Nordamerika, men de flesta anslöt från arabvärlden. Många muslimer runt om i världen upprördes av Assadregimens behandling av civilbefolkningen. De som reste tidigt hade varierande motiv, men efter att jihadister började dominera regim-motståndet anslöts de flesta som reste ifrån Europa till grupper som Jabhat al-Nusra och Islamiska staten. حارب آلاف من المقاتلين الأجانب مع الأطراف الأربعة في الحرب الأهلية السورية وكذلك مع طرفي الحرب الأهلية العراقية. بسبب اصطباغ الحربين بصبغة طائفية، قاتلت جماعات سُنّية أجنبية مع جماعات المعارضة السورية و‌الدولة الإسلامية، بينما قاتلت جماعات مسلحة شيعية أجنبية مع الحكومتين السورية والعراقية، مثل الحشد الشعبي ولواء فاطميون، بينما قاتل يساريون أجانب مع وحدات حماية الشعب الكردية. وقد حارب العديد من الرعايا الأجانب في النزاعين ومات بعضهم. ويشمل المقاتلين أولئك من دول الخليج العربية وتونس وليبيا ودول عربية أخرى، والشيشان ومنطقة شمال القوقاز في روسيا، والصين، ودول غربية. وتتراوح تقديرات إجمالي عدد الأجانب السنة الذين حاربوا مع المتمردين السوريين على مدى نطاق النزاع من 5,000 إلى أكثر من 10,000 شخص، بينما قدر عدد المقاتلين الأجانب الشيعة بحوالي 10,000 أو أقل في عام 2013. وقتل أكثر من 600 مقاتل أجنبي في النصف الأول من عام 2013 وحده. وأفادت مجموعة صوفان في 15 أكتوبر 2016 بأنه حدثت "زيادة كبيرة في عدد المقاتلين الأجانب الذين يسافرون إلى سوريا" منذ عام 2014. ذكرت وزارة الخارجية الأمريكية في 2 يونيو 2016 أن مجتمع الاستخابرات التابع لها يقدر أن "ما يزيد على 40,000 مقاتل أجنبي قد ذهبوا إلى النزاع في سوريا ومن أكثر من 100 بلد" في حين أنه قبل ستة أشهر، قدرت وزارة الدفاع الروسية أن هناك حوالي 25,000–30,000 من المرتزقة الإرهابيين الأجانب يقاتلون من أجل داعش" وحدها. تثير هذه الظاهرة المخاوف في البلدان الأصلية للمقاتلين الأجانب. وهذه الظاهرة ليست جديدة، ولكن حجم والأصول الواسعة النطاق في هذه الحالة غير عادية. De nombreux combattants étrangers ont rejoint les rangs des organisations militaires impliquées dans les guerres civiles syriennes et irakienne. La plupart d'entre eux se battent aux côtés du gouvernement syrien ou des djihadistes de l'État islamique, tandis que d'autres combattent avec les milices kurdes, en particulier contre l'État islamique. Syriëganger (ook wel Syriëstrijder) is een term ter aanduiding van een buitenlandse strijder, vaak een jihadist, in de Syrische Burgeroorlog, in het bijzonder uit het Westen. De term heeft voornamelijk betrekking op personen die naar Syrië zijn gegaan om zich daar bij een terroristische groep te vervoegen en te strijden aan de zijde van de soennitische rebellen van het Vrij Syrisch Leger of extremistische organisaties als Jabhat al-Nusra en ISIS. Syriëgangers komen voornamelijk uit landen die ver van het oorlogsgebied vandaan liggen zoals West-Europa, de Balkan, Kaukasus en Noord-Afrika. Een zeer klein deel van de Syriëgangers zou niet actief zijn in gevechtshandelingen, maar is naar het gebied gekomen om in een andere vorm hulp te verlenen. Soms worden de Syriëgangers 'jihadgangers' genoemd. De aantallen Syriëgangers zijn echter een veelvoud van de aantallen jihadgangers die in de voorgaande decennia naar Afghanistan, Tsjetsjenië, Irak, Jemen of andere brandhaarden zijn gegaan. Foreign fighters have fought on all four sides of the Syrian Civil War, as well both sides of the War in Iraq. In addition to Sunni foreign fighters, Shia fighters from several countries have joined pro-government militias in Syria, leftist militants have joined Kurdish fighting forces, and other foreign fighters have joined jihadist organizations and private military contractors recruit globally. Estimates of the total number of foreign Sunnis who have fought for the Syrian rebels over the course of the conflict range from 5,000 to over 10,000, while foreign Shia fighters numbered around 10,000 or less in 2013 rising to between 15,000 and 25,000 in 2017. The presence of foreign jihadists, particularly in anti-government groups, steadily grew throughout the Syrian Civil War. In the early insurgency phase mid-2011 to mid-2012, their presence was negligible. In the mid-2012 to late 2013 escalation phase, their numbers grew, but they were still far outnumbered by Syrian resistance fighters (only around twelve hundred foreign anti-government jihadists were killed in Syria in 2013). Throughout 2014, with the rise of ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh, the al-Nusra Front, and other groups, their numbers drastically increased and they partnered with and absorbed Syrian rebel groups, both jihadist and non-jihadist. By 2015, foreign jihadists outnumbered Syrian jihadists and other rebels in casualty rolls (16,212 anti-government foreign jihadists were killed in 2015 compared to 7,798 Syrian anti-government rebels killed that same year), a trend that carried over into 2016 (13,297 foreign jihadists and 8,170 Syrian rebels), and 2017 (7,494 foreign jihadists and 6,452 Syrian rebels). However, although the numbers of casualties remained high in this phase, arrivals slowed: according to the United States military, foreign fighters coming to Syria and Iraq in 2013-2015 averaged 2,000 fighters per month, but by 2016, this figure had dropped to less than 500 fighters per month and decreasing. By 2018, the proportion of foreign fighters had far decreased (following heavy losses in the bloody battles of 2015-2017 and various interventions by foreign military forces), and Syrian rebels were once again the majority of anti-government casualties (2,746 foreign jihadists killed compared to 5,852 Syrian rebels). According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, at least 65,726 anti-government foreign fighters (almost entirely jihadists) were killed in Syria up to May 2020, constituting nearly half of the 138,202 anti-government fighters killed by that point. Additionally, 10,045 foreign fighters on the side of the Syrian government were killed by then (1,700 Lebanese Hezbollah and 8,345 others, including 2,000+ militiamen of Liwa Fatemiyoun) and 264 Russian soldiers and mercenaries. La presenza di combattenti stranieri (spesso definiti come volontari stranieri o in inglese foreign fighters) tra le file dei miliziani ribelli che si oppongono alle truppe governative siriane, è un elemento caratterizzante della guerra civile siriana e ha permesso che la Siria diventasse "la prima mèta per i combattenti jihadisti e il più importante campo di battaglia del mondo per il jihād" nonché il più importante "punto di aggregazione e addestramento per i fondamentalisti islamici di altre nazioni". La meta privilegiata dei volontari stranieri sono infatti le formazioni più estremistiche del jihādismo takfirista. Si stima che le due formazioni jihadiste più importanti, il Fronte al-Nusra (jihadista di obbedienza qa'idista) e lo Stato Islamico dell'Iraq e Levante (di fede jihadista ma in forte polemica con al-Qāʿida), accolgano tra le loro file almeno 9 000 combattenti non siriani, ovvero circa il 20% del totale. Altre stime vedono la percentuale salire notevolmente tra i miliziani di Da'esh, con il 40% di non siriani tra gli effettivi. Includendo le altre formazioni islamiste e l'Esercito siriano libero si arriva a una cifra complessiva tra gli 11 000 e i 15 000. Al termine del 2013 il numero di stranieri uccisi dalle forze governative è calcolato aggirarsi intorno alla cifra di 700. Esiste una formazione composta esclusivamente da volontari stranieri: Jaysh al-Muhājirīn wa l-Anṣār (Esercito degli Emigranti e degli Ausiliari) A differenza di altri conflitti, in cui si è assistiti all'afflusso di militanti jihadisti stranieri, come Afghanistan, Bosnia e Somalia, il ritmo di crescita della presenza dei volontari stranieri è più alta e nella maggior parte dei casi la scelta di combattere deriva da un'iniziativa personale più che da un arruolamento da parte di un gruppo estremista. La scelta individuale è la differenza principale rispetto ai combattenti stranieri presenti nei gruppi intervenuti a combattere a fianco dell'esercito regolare siriano (tra cui libanesi, iracheni, palestinesi e yemeniti), che sono invece inquadrati in strutture organizzate. Il flusso di combattenti stranieri verso la Siria aumenta sensibilmente a partire dalla seconda metà del 2013 a causa dell'aggravarsi della frattura settaria tra sciiti e sunniti a seguito della battaglia di al-Quṣayr e al successivo incitamento delle masse arabe da parte di alcuni imam come lo sceicco Yūsuf ʿAbd Allāh al-Qaradāwīi. Generalmente il miliziano non siriano è di età compresa tra i 18 e i 30 anni, ben istruito (alcuni combattenti sospendono gli studi per combattere al fronte) e senza esperienza militare. L'accesso al territorio siriano avviene nella maggior parte dei casi attraverso il confine turco o iracheno a causa del controllo dei valichi di frontiera da parte dei ribelli.
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