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Great Black Swamp Grande palude nera Great Black Swamp Grande Pântano Negro
rdfs:comment
La grande palude nera, o semplicemente palude nera, è stato un territorio paludoso formato da un ghiacciaio situato nell'Ohio nord-occidentale, Stato degli Stati Uniti d'America, che si estendeva fino all'Indiana, presente dalla glaciazione Würm alla fine del XIX secolo. Il territorio era costituito da ampi territori umidi e paludosi interrotti per piccoli periodi da pochi spazi secchi, e occupava gran parte l'alveo di quello che è oggi il fiume di origine glaciale Maumee, fino alla sua foce nella Baia di Maumee, nel lago Erie. Tutto il territorio fu prosciugato dall'uomo nella seconda metà del XIX secolo e reso abitabile. Oggi sono sorte molte fattorie. Der Great Black Swamp war ein Sumpf im Nordwesten von Ohio und Indiana, Vereinigte Staaten. Er erstreckte sich im Einzugsgebiet des Maumee River vom Eriesee bis Fort Wayne in Indiana und war etwa 190 Kilometer lang (Ost-West-Richtung) und etwa 65 Kilometer breit (Nord-Süd-Richtung). Der Sumpf bedeckte ganz oder teilweise die Oberfläche von zwölf Countys in Ohio. O Grande Pântano Negro, ou simplesmente Pântano Negro (em inglês: Great Black Swamp ou Black Swamp) era um território pantanoso formado por um glaciar localizado no noroeste do Ohio, Estados Unidos da América, que se estendia até ao Indiana, que existiu entre o final da glaciação do Wisconsin e o final do século XIX. O território consistia em grandes territórios húmidos e pantanosos interrompidos por pequenos períodos por alguns espaços secos, e ocupava grande parte do que é hoje o rio glaciar Maumee, até à sua foz na , no Lago Erie. Todo o território foi drenado pelo homem na segunda metade do século XIX e tornou-se habitável. Hoje em dia muitas quintas surgiram no que era este pântano. The Great Black Swamp (also known simply as the Black Swamp) was a glacially fed wetland in northwest Ohio, sections of lower Michigan, and extreme northeast Indiana, United States, that existed from the end of the Wisconsin glaciation until the late 19th century. Comprising extensive swamps and marshes, with some higher, drier ground interspersed, it occupied what was formerly the southwestern part of proglacial Lake Maumee, a Holocene precursor to Lake Erie. The area was about 25 miles (40 km) wide (north to south) and 100 miles (160 km) long, covering an estimated 1,500 square miles (4,000 km2). Gradually drained and settled in the second half of the 19th century, it is now highly productive farmland. However, this development has been detrimental to the ecosystem as a result of agricul
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Der Great Black Swamp war ein Sumpf im Nordwesten von Ohio und Indiana, Vereinigte Staaten. Er erstreckte sich im Einzugsgebiet des Maumee River vom Eriesee bis Fort Wayne in Indiana und war etwa 190 Kilometer lang (Ost-West-Richtung) und etwa 65 Kilometer breit (Nord-Süd-Richtung). Der Sumpf bedeckte ganz oder teilweise die Oberfläche von zwölf Countys in Ohio. Das Sumpfgebiet entstand als Resultat der Gletscherbewegungen während der letzten Eiszeit. Die Landschaft war durch dichte Wälder geprägt. Eichen, Platanen, Hickorys, Walnüsse, Eschen, Ulmen, Ahorne und Pappeln wuchsen im stehenden Wasser, das meist selbst im Sommer nicht austrocknete. Im Great Black Swamp gab es keine Siedlungen der amerikanischen Ureinwohner, und auch für die ersten weißen Siedler war das Gebiet so gut wie unpassierbar. Farmer, die sich am Rand des Sumpfes ansiedelten, hatten mit Cholera, Typhus und vor allem mit Malaria zu kämpfen, die unter dem Namen ague bekannt war. Sie war so verbreitet, dass es üblich wurde, neben Salz und Pfeffer Chininpulver auf den Tisch zu stellen. Verglichen mit anderen Landesteilen, verzögerte der Great Black Swamp die Kolonisierung Nordwest-Ohios um mehrere Jahrzehnte. Der erste Knüppeldamm von Fremont nach Perrysburg, die , wurde in den 1820er Jahren gelegt, doch selbst auf diesem Weg betrug die Reisegeschwindigkeit im Durchschnitt eine Meile pro Tag. In den 1850er Jahren begannen mit staatlicher Unterstützung groß angelegte Drainagemaßnahmen, die sich über rund 40 Jahre hinzogen. Als Folge der Entwässerung entstand das heutige hochfruchtbare Farmland Nordwest-Ohios. Der Great Black Swamp ist bis auf winzige Überreste verschwunden. The Great Black Swamp (also known simply as the Black Swamp) was a glacially fed wetland in northwest Ohio, sections of lower Michigan, and extreme northeast Indiana, United States, that existed from the end of the Wisconsin glaciation until the late 19th century. Comprising extensive swamps and marshes, with some higher, drier ground interspersed, it occupied what was formerly the southwestern part of proglacial Lake Maumee, a Holocene precursor to Lake Erie. The area was about 25 miles (40 km) wide (north to south) and 100 miles (160 km) long, covering an estimated 1,500 square miles (4,000 km2). Gradually drained and settled in the second half of the 19th century, it is now highly productive farmland. However, this development has been detrimental to the ecosystem as a result of agricultural runoff. This runoff, in turn, has contributed to frequent toxic algal blooms in Lake Erie. The land once covered by the swamp lies primarily within the Maumee River and Portage River watersheds in northwest Ohio and northeast Indiana. The boundary was determined primarily by ancient sandy beach ridges formed on the shores of Lakes Maumee and Whittlesey, after glacial retreat several thousand years ago. It stretched roughly from Fort Wayne, Indiana, eastward to the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge near Port Clinton along the Lake Erie shore, and from (roughly) US 6 south to Findlay and North Star, Ohio in Darke County. Near its southern edge at the southwestern corner of present-day Auglaize County, wheeled transportation was impossible during most of the year, and local residents thought the rigors of travel to be unsuitable for anyone except adult men. The vast swamp was a network of forests, wetlands, and grasslands. In the lowest, flattest areas, prone to permanent inundation, deciduous swamp forests predominated, characterized especially by species of ash, elm, cottonwood and sycamore. In slightly higher areas with some topographic relief and better drainage, beech, maples, basswood, tuliptree and other more mesic species were dominant. On elevated beach ridges and moraines with good to excessive drainage, more xeric species, especially oak and hickory, were dominant. The area contained non-forested wetlands, particularly marsh and wet prairies, with marshes being particularly extensive along the Lake Erie shoreline east of Toledo. O Grande Pântano Negro, ou simplesmente Pântano Negro (em inglês: Great Black Swamp ou Black Swamp) era um território pantanoso formado por um glaciar localizado no noroeste do Ohio, Estados Unidos da América, que se estendia até ao Indiana, que existiu entre o final da glaciação do Wisconsin e o final do século XIX. O território consistia em grandes territórios húmidos e pantanosos interrompidos por pequenos períodos por alguns espaços secos, e ocupava grande parte do que é hoje o rio glaciar Maumee, até à sua foz na , no Lago Erie. Todo o território foi drenado pelo homem na segunda metade do século XIX e tornou-se habitável. Hoje em dia muitas quintas surgiram no que era este pântano. As fronteiras históricas situam-se nos rios Maumee, Auglaize e Portage, no noroeste de Ohio. Os limites foram inicialmente determinados pelas grandes praias de areia criadas naturalmente nos lagos Maumee e Whittlesey há muitos milénios, após o recuo do gelo. Estenderam-se até New Haven, no Indiana, a oeste, a Toledo e Sandusky, no Ohio, a leste. Outras vias navegáveis que definem total ou completamente os limites atuais são os rios Sandusky, Ottawa, Tiffin e Blanchard. O vasto pântano era uma rede de florestas, zonas húmidas e prados. Nas zonas mais baixas e planas, propensas a inundações permanentes, predominantes florestas pantanosas caducas, caracterizadas especialmente por espécies de cinzas, olmo, algodão e sycamore. Em áreas ligeiramente mais altas com algum relevo topográfico e melhor drenagem, faia, bordos, "basswood", e outras espécies mais mesicas eram dominantes. Em cumes elevados e morainas com boa drenagem, espécies mais xéricas, especialmente carvalho e "hickory", eram dominantes. A área continha zonas húmidas não florestais, particularmente pântanos e pradarias húmidas, com os pântanos a serem particularmente extensos ao longo da costa do Lago Erie a leste de Toledo. La grande palude nera, o semplicemente palude nera, è stato un territorio paludoso formato da un ghiacciaio situato nell'Ohio nord-occidentale, Stato degli Stati Uniti d'America, che si estendeva fino all'Indiana, presente dalla glaciazione Würm alla fine del XIX secolo. Il territorio era costituito da ampi territori umidi e paludosi interrotti per piccoli periodi da pochi spazi secchi, e occupava gran parte l'alveo di quello che è oggi il fiume di origine glaciale Maumee, fino alla sua foce nella Baia di Maumee, nel lago Erie. Tutto il territorio fu prosciugato dall'uomo nella seconda metà del XIX secolo e reso abitabile. Oggi sono sorte molte fattorie. I confini storici si trovano sul corso dei fiumi Maumee, e nell'Ohio nord-occidentale. I confini erano inizialmente determinati dalle grosse spiagge sabbiose create naturalmente sui e Whittlesey molti millenni fa, dopo il ritiro dei ghiacci. Esse si allungavano fino a New Haven, oggi in Indiana, a ovest, verso Toledo e Sandusky, in Ohio, a est. Altri corsi d'acqua che definiscono in parte o completamente i confini attuali sono i fiumi , Ottawa, e .
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