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Subject Item
dbr:History_of_Beijing
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Sejarah Beijing 北京の歴史 Histoire de Pékin 北京历史 History of Beijing История Пекина Historio de Pekino تاريخ بكين
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Pekino, la ĉefurbo de la Ĉina Popola Respubliko, situas ĉe la norda fino de la Nord-Ĉinia Ebenaĵo kaj estas ĉirkaŭita de montoj en la tri flankoj norda, orienta kaj okcidenta. Sude de ĝi sterniĝas vasta ebenaĵo kaj sud-oriente, je 160 kilometroj for de ĝi, etendiĝas la vasta Bohaj-maro. Ĝi havas areon de pli ol 16,800 kvadrataj kilometroj, el kiu 62% kovriĝas de montregiono, kaj pli ol naŭ milionojn da loĝantoj. Promenante en Pekino, oni sentas sin kvazaŭ en longa historia koridoro. 北京是目前中华人民共和国的首都,也是中国四大古都之一,它历史悠久,作为城市的历史可以追溯到3000年前。秦汉以來,北京地区一直是中国北方的边防重镇,名称先后称为蓟城、燕都、燕京、大都、北平、順天府等等。 北京の歴史(ペキンのれきし)では、中華人民共和国の首都北京市の歴史について説明する。北京には、3,000年以上さかのぼる悠久の歴史があるといわれる。紀元前221年の始皇帝による中国の統一以前、北京は数世紀にわたって古代国家と燕の首府であった。秦・漢の統一帝国時代にあっては、周辺地域の中心として栄えた。古代中国の北の境界は現在の北京市付近にあり、その北の遊牧民たちは境界を越えて頻繁に侵入した。そのため、後世北京と称される地域は、軍事的・政治的要地として重視された。帝国統治の最初の千年、北京は華北の地方都市であった。しかし、10世紀から13世紀にかけて、遊牧民の契丹(キタン)族と森林地帯に住む女真(ジュシェン)族が相次いで万里の長城を越えて南方に進出し、北京の地は遼王朝および金王朝の副都、そして金王朝の首都として栄えた。モンゴル民族のクビライが大都を元王朝の首都とした13世紀後葉、中国全土が初めて北京の政権によって支配された。 1279年以降、1368年から1420年までの間と、1928年から1949年までの間の2時期を除いて、北京は中国の首都であり続けた。漢民族が主導した明王朝(1421年 - 1644年)、満洲民族が主導した清王朝(1644年 - 1912年)にあっても皇帝権力の中枢はここに置かれた。初期の中華民国(1912年 - 1928年)、そして中華人民共和国 (1949年以降)では首都が置かれ、現在に至っている。 Avant d'être capitale politique de la République populaire de Chine, Pékin (littéralement en chinois « capitale du nord ») a connu diverses périodes historiques, durant lesquelles son statut n'a cessé de varier. Durant les périodes des Printemps et Automnes (pinyin Chunqiu sin. 春秋) et des Royaumes combattants, la ville ou ses alentours accueillent déjà une localité du nom de Yan (pinyin Yan sin. 燕). Elle fait ensuite office de chef-lieu provincial excentré durant les premiers temps de l'empire chinois. Propulsée capitale lors des invasions de peuples nomades septentrionaux (les Liao, puis les Jin et les Yuan), elle retrouvera durablement ce statut sous la dynastie Ming, avant tout pour des raisons stratégiques : mieux contrôler le nord de la Chine, une région régulièrement en proie aux inc لمدينة بكين تاريخ طويل وحافل يعود إلى أكثر من 3000 عام. قبل توحيد الصين على يد الإمبراطور الأول عام 221 قبل الميلاد، كانت بكين عاصمة دولتي جي ويان القديمتين لقرون من الزمن. خلال الألفية الأولى من الحكم الإمبراطوري، كانت بكين مدينة إقليمية في شمال الصين. بدأت بكين بالنمو خلال المدة الواقعة بين القرنين العاشر والثالث عشر حينما توسّع شعب الخيتان البدو وشعب جورشن ساكني الغابات وجاؤوا من ما وراء سور الصين العظيم وتوغلوا جنوبًا وجعلوا المدينة عاصمة لسلالاتهم، سلالتي لياو وجين. عندما حوّل قوبلاي خان مدينة دادو إلى عاصمة أسرة يوان المغولية (1279–1368)، حُكمت الصين بأكملها من المركز بكين لأول مرة في تاريخ البلاد. منذ العام 1279 وما بعد، باستثناء فترتين فاصلتين منذ عام 1368 حتى عام 1420 ومنذ عام 1928 وحتى عام 1949، ظلت بكين عاصمة الصين، وكانت مقر السلطة خلال عهد سلالة مينغ (1421–1644) وعهد سلالة تشي Столица Китайской народной республики город Пекин имеет очень древнюю и богатую историю. Kota Beijing memiliki sejarah yang panjang dan kaya yang berlangsung selama lebih dari 3,000 tahun. Sebelum penyatuan Tiongkok oleh Kaisar Pertama pada 221 SM, Beijing selama berabad-abad telah menjadi ibu kota negara-negara kuno Ji dan Yan. Pada milenium pertama pemerintahan kekaisaran, Beijing menjadi kota provinsial Tiongkok Utara. Kota tersebut berkembang pada abad ke-10 sampai ke-13 saat bangsa nomadik Khitan dan penjelajah hutan Jurchen dari Tembok Raksasa menyerang kawasan selatan dan membuat kota tersebut menjadi ibu kota dinasti-dinasti mereka, Liao dan Jin. Saat Kublai Khan membuat Dadu menjadi ibu kota dinasti Yuan pimpinan Mongol (1279–1368), seluruh Tiongkok diperintah dari Beijing untuk pertama kalinya. Dari tahun 1279 dan seterusnya, dengan pengecualian dua masa dari 1368 sa The city of Beijing has a long and rich history that dates back over 3,000 years. Prior to the unification of China by the First Emperor in 221 BC, Beijing had been for centuries the capital of the ancient states of Ji and Yan. It was a provincial center in the earliest unified empires of China, Qin and Han. The northern border of ancient China ran close to the present city of Beijing, and northern nomadic tribes frequently broke in from across the border. Thus, the area that was to become Beijing emerged as an important strategic and a local political centre. During the first millennia of imperial rule, Beijing was a provincial city in northern China. Its stature grew in the 10th to the 13th centuries when the nomadic Khitan and forest-dwelling Jurchen peoples from beyond the Great Wall e
rdfs:seeAlso
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dbr:Beijing_Military_Museum dbr:Cao_Kun dbr:Beijing_railway_station dbr:Ming_Tombs The Hall of Supreme Harmony of the Forbidden City Sun Yat-sen founded the new Republic but agreed to give the provisional presidency to Yuan Shikai. Sun then formed the Chinese Nationalist Party in Beijing, which won the first national elections in 1913. The Pagoda of Tianning Temple was built in 1120. Jianguomen Diplomatic Residences built in 1971 The Beijing Drum Tower, first built in 1272, marked the geographic center of Dadu. Di'anmen Outer Avenue still forms part of the city's north–south central axis. dbr:Zhang_Zuolin Map showing Dadu's city walls and the imperial city , a partial outline of Zhongdu and the Ming & Qing city walls . The Jinshui and Gaoliang rivers were made into a string of lakes and drained by the Tonghui Channel to the south. Niujie Mosque, the oldest mosque in Beijing, was founded in 996. Faculty of the Imperial University of Peking, the institutional predecessor of Peking University. Jingxi Coal Mine in the Western Hills The Beijing Palace City Scroll, depicting the Forbidden City, 15th century. dbr:National_Museum_of_China 1925 From 2001 to 2008, a clock on the east side of Tiananmen Square, counted down to the opening of the XXIX Olympiad. The Dancing Beijing features Beijing's "jing " character styled to resemble a man running. Nearly all Olympic venues are located in the northern half of the city. After the students marched to Duan Qirui's presidential office on the Iron Lion Hutong, now Zhang Zizhong Road, they were confronted by soldiers and bloodshed ensued. Grand Auditorium of Tsinghua University, established by the Boxer Indemnity Scholar Program. dbr:Great_Wall_of_China Yuan based his office and residence in the Zhongnanhai Compound next to the Forbidden City. The New China Gate was built as the southern entrance to Zhongnanhai during Yuan's reign. Above: honor guard accompanying a foreign delegation in 1924. 1888 dbr:Duan_Qirui 0001-03-10 dbr:Wu_Peifu 0001-07-06 dbr:Li_Yuanhong The Imperial Altar of Earth and Harvest located inside the Forbidden City between Tiananmen and Zhongnanhai became a city park in 1914. In 1928, the park was renamed "Zhongshan Park" in honor of Sun, whose statue is visible in the background. . Wangfujing Department Store Dorgon preserved trappings of imperial power including the bureaucracy, rituals and palaces, and moved the Qing capital to Beijing. In so doing, he positioned the Qing as the political heir to the Ming and legitimate ruler of China. Above, Qing imperial procession at the Forbidden City depicted in an 18th-century Jesuit painting. Baliqiao over the Tonghui section of the Grand Canal in Tongzhou District The White Dagoba on Qionghua Island in Beihai Park. On his first visit to Beijing in 1261, Kublai Khan stayed on this island, which was then a suburb of the city. He liked the surroundings and ordered that the new city be built around the island. Kublai Khan made Beijing the capital of Yuan dynasty.( ) Much of the Ming city walls were torn down in the 1960s. The Zhengyang Gate and its iconic archery tower is one of the few sections remaining. Beijing No. 1 Machinery Factory The Ming city wall's Southeast Corner Tower near Dongbianmen. dbr:Feng_Yuxiang Apartment blocks in Beijing Municipal Administrative Center Longevity Hill and Kunming Lake The first elected National Assembly was dissolved by Yuan Shikai in 1914, reconvened by Duan Qirui in 1916, dissolved by Zhang Xun during the imperial restoration in 1917, and reconvened again in 1922. 1980.0 traditional courtyard residence 0001-04-25 0001-08-08 dbr:Feng_Guozhang Smog diminishes visibility in Beijing. From atop Jingshan, the Forbidden City and buildings on Tiananmen Square are obscured. Shichahai, part of the Old Beijing section of the Grand Canal Street scene after the introduction of street trams in 1921. Rickshaws were also common. The Imperial Examination Hall in 1909. For centuries, students flocked to the capital each year to take the imperial examination, and spent days in densely packed cubicles. Highest scorers received degrees and government positions. The exams were abolished in 1905 as part of the education reforms. Beijing Heavy Machinery Plant The first Mongol siege of Beijing in 1213–1214. The city fell in the second siege of 1214–1215. 0001-03-18 dbr:Temple_of_Heaven This bronze vessel used for steaming was unearthed from the Liulihe site in Fangshan District. 2000.0 Regent Prince Chun asked Yuan Shikai to quell the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911, but agreed to end the Qing dynasty in February 1912 to secure the safety of the royal family. His son, Puyi was the Last Emperor. Plan of Beijing showing the Forbidden City inside the Imperial City, as well as the Inner and Outer Cities. Dongsi Subdistrict, or the Eastern Quadrangle, is named after the four sign gates that marked the intersection, which were torn down in 1958. The Xinhua News Agency Auditorium on Tong Lin'ge Road in Xicheng District, was the National Assembly Building during the early Republic. The first elected National Assembly convened here in April 1913. The panorama painting "Departure Herald", painted during the reign of the Xuande Emperor , shows the emperor traveling on horseback with a large escort through the countryside from Beijing's Imperial City to the Ming dynasty tombs. Beginning with Yongle, thirteen Ming emperors were buried in the Ming Tombs of present-day Changping District. Beijing No. 2 Cotton Mill 0001-05-08 Genghis Khan receiving Jin envoys and the Qiguo Princess. Prince Regent Dorgon, who led the Manchus south of the Great Wall and seized Beijing in 1644. For several centuries before the unification of China in 221 BC, Beijing was the capital of the State of Yan. Bronze Yan helmet , sword-shaped Yan coins , and the Gefujia yun , all from the Capital Museum. dbr:Beijing_Museum_of_Natural_History The Peking Union Medical College, founded in 1906 by the American and British missionaries, remains one of China's top medical schools. The Yongle Emperor moved the capital of the Ming dynasty from Nanjing to Beijing in 1421. He commissioned the Forbidden City, which was built from 1406 to 1420. 1960.0 dbr:Great_Hall_of_the_People Xidan Telecom Building Yuan Shikai seized control of the Xinhai Revolution by extracting the abdication of the imperial court and the provisional presidency of the Republic.
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Left:The Executive Headquarters of U.S. General George C. Marshall's Mission to China (1945–1947) near the Peking Union Medical College in Beiping with a "Committee of Three" to mediate disputes between the Chinese Nationalists and Communists. The mission brokered a truce in 1946 and but failed to create a coalition government and prevent the outbreak of civil war. Right: A large portrait of Chiang Kai-shek was displayed above Tiananmen Gate during the Civil War. Military strongmen of the Beiyang Government in Beijing 0001-10-01 0001-05-07 0001-12-22 0001-07-19 0001-02-03 Left: Qianmen railway station in the 1900s. Right: The old railway station is now the China Railway Museum. 0001-04-05 Richard Nixon's visit to Beijing in 1972, the first by a sitting U.S. president to China, marked the beginning of the People's Republic's orientation toward the Western bloc, the normalization of Sino-U.S. relations and the return of Western diplomatic and business interests to the city. Captions from left: Air Force One at the Capital Airport; Richard and Pat Nixon at the Badaling Great Wall, the diplomatic opening was facilitated by "ping pong diplomacy", and leaders of the two countries watched a table tennis exhibition at the Capital Indoor Stadium; Pat Nixon visits a neighborhood -- the Revolution Committee at the Sijiqing People's Commune -- in Haidian District; the American delegation was treated to a performance of the revolutionary ballet, Red Detachment of Women at the Great Hall of the People. 0001-11-11 0001-08-14 All photos from China Pictorial The Upper Cave on Dragon Bone Hill in Zhoukoudian where remains of the Peking Man were found. From left: Students at Beijing Normal University writing big-character posters denouncing Liu Shaoqi; Big-characters posted on the campus of Peking University; Red guards at No. 23 Middle School wave the Little Red Book of the Quotations of Chairman Mao in a classroom revolution rally. All photos from China Pictorial Illustrations from the Jami' al-tawarikh by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département des Manuscrits, Division Orientale. 6000.0
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Genghis Khan at Zhongdu UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Beijing Red Guards in Beijing during the Cultural Revolution UNESCO World Heritage Site of Beijing The Boxer Rebellion Residential architecture in Beijing May Fourth Movement, 1919 Beijing at the time of the Nixon visit in 1972 -1960.0 Demonstrations in Spring 1999 The Second Opium War 1950.0 0001-03-18
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北京是目前中华人民共和国的首都,也是中国四大古都之一,它历史悠久,作为城市的历史可以追溯到3000年前。秦汉以來,北京地区一直是中国北方的边防重镇,名称先后称为蓟城、燕都、燕京、大都、北平、順天府等等。 لمدينة بكين تاريخ طويل وحافل يعود إلى أكثر من 3000 عام. قبل توحيد الصين على يد الإمبراطور الأول عام 221 قبل الميلاد، كانت بكين عاصمة دولتي جي ويان القديمتين لقرون من الزمن. خلال الألفية الأولى من الحكم الإمبراطوري، كانت بكين مدينة إقليمية في شمال الصين. بدأت بكين بالنمو خلال المدة الواقعة بين القرنين العاشر والثالث عشر حينما توسّع شعب الخيتان البدو وشعب جورشن ساكني الغابات وجاؤوا من ما وراء سور الصين العظيم وتوغلوا جنوبًا وجعلوا المدينة عاصمة لسلالاتهم، سلالتي لياو وجين. عندما حوّل قوبلاي خان مدينة دادو إلى عاصمة أسرة يوان المغولية (1279–1368)، حُكمت الصين بأكملها من المركز بكين لأول مرة في تاريخ البلاد. منذ العام 1279 وما بعد، باستثناء فترتين فاصلتين منذ عام 1368 حتى عام 1420 ومنذ عام 1928 وحتى عام 1949، ظلت بكين عاصمة الصين، وكانت مقر السلطة خلال عهد سلالة مينغ (1421–1644) وعهد سلالة تشينغ بزعامة شعب المانشو (1644–1912) وجمهورية الصين في أوائل عهدها (1912–1928)، وحاليًا جمهورية الصين الشعبية (1949–حتى اليوم). Avant d'être capitale politique de la République populaire de Chine, Pékin (littéralement en chinois « capitale du nord ») a connu diverses périodes historiques, durant lesquelles son statut n'a cessé de varier. Durant les périodes des Printemps et Automnes (pinyin Chunqiu sin. 春秋) et des Royaumes combattants, la ville ou ses alentours accueillent déjà une localité du nom de Yan (pinyin Yan sin. 燕). Elle fait ensuite office de chef-lieu provincial excentré durant les premiers temps de l'empire chinois. Propulsée capitale lors des invasions de peuples nomades septentrionaux (les Liao, puis les Jin et les Yuan), elle retrouvera durablement ce statut sous la dynastie Ming, avant tout pour des raisons stratégiques : mieux contrôler le nord de la Chine, une région régulièrement en proie aux incursions étrangères et à l'établissement de puissants contre-pouvoirs militaires. The city of Beijing has a long and rich history that dates back over 3,000 years. Prior to the unification of China by the First Emperor in 221 BC, Beijing had been for centuries the capital of the ancient states of Ji and Yan. It was a provincial center in the earliest unified empires of China, Qin and Han. The northern border of ancient China ran close to the present city of Beijing, and northern nomadic tribes frequently broke in from across the border. Thus, the area that was to become Beijing emerged as an important strategic and a local political centre. During the first millennia of imperial rule, Beijing was a provincial city in northern China. Its stature grew in the 10th to the 13th centuries when the nomadic Khitan and forest-dwelling Jurchen peoples from beyond the Great Wall expanded southward and made the city a capital of their dynasties, the Liao and Jin. When Kublai Khan made Dadu the capital of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1279–1368), all of China was ruled from Beijing for the first time. From 1279 onward, with the exception of two interludes from 1368 to 1420 and 1928 to 1949, Beijing would remain as China's capital, serving as the seat of power for the Ming dynasty (1421–1644), the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the early Republic of China (1912–1928) and now the People's Republic of China (1949–present). 北京の歴史(ペキンのれきし)では、中華人民共和国の首都北京市の歴史について説明する。北京には、3,000年以上さかのぼる悠久の歴史があるといわれる。紀元前221年の始皇帝による中国の統一以前、北京は数世紀にわたって古代国家と燕の首府であった。秦・漢の統一帝国時代にあっては、周辺地域の中心として栄えた。古代中国の北の境界は現在の北京市付近にあり、その北の遊牧民たちは境界を越えて頻繁に侵入した。そのため、後世北京と称される地域は、軍事的・政治的要地として重視された。帝国統治の最初の千年、北京は華北の地方都市であった。しかし、10世紀から13世紀にかけて、遊牧民の契丹(キタン)族と森林地帯に住む女真(ジュシェン)族が相次いで万里の長城を越えて南方に進出し、北京の地は遼王朝および金王朝の副都、そして金王朝の首都として栄えた。モンゴル民族のクビライが大都を元王朝の首都とした13世紀後葉、中国全土が初めて北京の政権によって支配された。 1279年以降、1368年から1420年までの間と、1928年から1949年までの間の2時期を除いて、北京は中国の首都であり続けた。漢民族が主導した明王朝(1421年 - 1644年)、満洲民族が主導した清王朝(1644年 - 1912年)にあっても皇帝権力の中枢はここに置かれた。初期の中華民国(1912年 - 1928年)、そして中華人民共和国 (1949年以降)では首都が置かれ、現在に至っている。 Столица Китайской народной республики город Пекин имеет очень древнюю и богатую историю. Pekino, la ĉefurbo de la Ĉina Popola Respubliko, situas ĉe la norda fino de la Nord-Ĉinia Ebenaĵo kaj estas ĉirkaŭita de montoj en la tri flankoj norda, orienta kaj okcidenta. Sude de ĝi sterniĝas vasta ebenaĵo kaj sud-oriente, je 160 kilometroj for de ĝi, etendiĝas la vasta Bohaj-maro. Ĝi havas areon de pli ol 16,800 kvadrataj kilometroj, el kiu 62% kovriĝas de montregiono, kaj pli ol naŭ milionojn da loĝantoj. Pekino havas kontinentan klimaton de la norda mezvarma zono. Ĝiaj kvar sezonoj klare distingiĝas. La printempo estas mallonga kaj ventoriĉa, la somero pluvabunda, la aŭtuno kun serenaj kaj varmetaj tagoj estas la plej agrabla sezono, kaj en la vintro iom longa malofte videblas neĝo. Promenante en Pekino, oni sentas sin kvazaŭ en longa historia koridoro. La malkovro de la restadejo en Ĝoŭkoŭdjan sudokcidente de Pekino pruvis, ke antaŭ 500,000 jaroj tie jam vivis Pekin-homoj irantaj per la piedoj kaj ili povis fari instrumentojn el ŝtono kaj uzi fajron. Kaj tie loĝis ankaŭ la montsupraj kavernuloj antaŭ ĉ. 18,000 jaroj. Antaŭ 3,000 jaroj apud la pramejo de Jongding-rivero jam aperis loĝpunktoj kaj citadeloj, inter kiuj troviĝis Ĝjiceng -- la ĉefurbo de Jan-regno en Ĝoŭ-dinastio, kiu estis la plej frua nomo de Pekino. Oni ankaŭ nomas Pekinon "Janĝing" ĝuste pro tio. En la komenco de la deka jarcento la ĉjidan-oj en la ĉina Nordoriento aneksis grandan teron inkluzive Pekinon kaj fondis Ljaŭ-dinastion. Ili prenis Pekinon kiel sian vicĉefurbon. En 1125 p. K. la njuĝen-oj renversis Ljaŭ-dinastion kaj fondis Ĝin-dinastion. En 1153 la dinastio prenis Pekinon kiel sian ĉefurbon kaj nomis ĝin Ĝongdu. La tiama Ĝongdu situis ĉe la nuna Gŭang'anmen, sudokcidenta parto de Pekino. En 1215 la ĉinaj mongoloj renversis la dinastiojn Ĝin kaj Suda Song kaj starigis Jŭan-dinastion. En 1271 ili komencis konstrui ĉefurbon surbaze de la provizora palaco (la nuna Bejhaj-parko) en Ĝongdu de Ĝin-dinastio ĉe la sudokcidenta parto de la nuna Pekino laŭ nova kompleta projekto kaj nomis ĝin Dadu. La urbo Dadu kun ordaj stratoj kaj grandiozaj palacoj havis 500,000 loĝantojn. Post pli ol 90 jaroj Ming-dinastio renversis Jŭan. Komence ĝi prenis Nankinon kiel sian ĉefurbon. En la komenco de la 15-a jarcento la imperiestro Ĉengzu de Ming-dinastio decidis transloki la ĉefurbon de Nankino al Pekino kaj konstruigis palacon laŭ nova projekto, t.e. la Imperiestran Palacon. En la mezo de la 17-a jarcento, kiam Ĉing-dinastio okupis Pekinon, ankaŭ ĝi prenis la urbon kiel sian ĉefrubon. Danke al konstruado kaj plivastigo de la du dinastioj al la palacoj kaj ĝardenoj, Pekino fariĝis tre fama en la mondo. Pekino liberiĝis la 31-an de januaro 1949 kaj fariĝis ĉefurbo de la Ĉina Popola Respubliko la 1-an de oktobro samjare. Dum la pasintaj pli ol 30 jaroj multe progresis en Pekino la agrikulturo, industrio, kulturo, scienco, edukado, higieno, korpokulturo kaj aliaj aferoj. La urbo senĉese grandiĝis kaj la plank-areo de la nove konstruitaj domoj estas pli ol 80,000,000 kvadrataj metroj, 4-oble kiom tiu en la malnova Pekino. Kota Beijing memiliki sejarah yang panjang dan kaya yang berlangsung selama lebih dari 3,000 tahun. Sebelum penyatuan Tiongkok oleh Kaisar Pertama pada 221 SM, Beijing selama berabad-abad telah menjadi ibu kota negara-negara kuno Ji dan Yan. Pada milenium pertama pemerintahan kekaisaran, Beijing menjadi kota provinsial Tiongkok Utara. Kota tersebut berkembang pada abad ke-10 sampai ke-13 saat bangsa nomadik Khitan dan penjelajah hutan Jurchen dari Tembok Raksasa menyerang kawasan selatan dan membuat kota tersebut menjadi ibu kota dinasti-dinasti mereka, Liao dan Jin. Saat Kublai Khan membuat Dadu menjadi ibu kota dinasti Yuan pimpinan Mongol (1279–1368), seluruh Tiongkok diperintah dari Beijing untuk pertama kalinya. Dari tahun 1279 dan seterusnya, dengan pengecualian dua masa dari 1368 sampai 1420 dan 1928 sampai 1949, Beijing masih menjadi , dijadikan sebagai kursi kekuatan bagi dinasti Ming (1421–1644), dinasti Qing pimpinan Manchu (1644–1912), awal Republik Tiongkok (1912–1928) dan sekarang Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (1949–sekarang).
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