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تاريخ أوتاوا History of Ottawa Storia di Ottawa
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Con il prosciugamento del circa 10.000 anni fa, la valle di Ottawa divenne abitabile. L'area venne abitata dagli Odawa della famiglia degli Algonchini, facenti parte del gruppo degli Anishinaabeg, che chiamavano il fiume Ottawa "Kichi Sibi" o "Kichissippi" che significa "Grande fiume" e che mantenevano una rotta commerciale lungo il fiume per un tempo relativamente breve. La parola Ottawa deriva dal vocabolo algonchino adawe ovvero commerciare, poiché i nativi cacciavano, si accampavano, commerciavano e viaggiavano nell'area, che abitavano un area estesa fino alla Georgian Bay ed al Lago Huron. تشكّل تاريخ أتاوا، عاصمة كندا، إثر سلسلة أحداث عديدة مثل بناء قناة ريدو، وازدهار صناعة الخشب، واختيار أوتاوا لتكون موقع العاصمة الكندية، بالإضافة إلى التأثيرات والتدخلات الأمريكية والأوروبية. بحلول عام 1914، تجاوز تعداد سكان أوتاوا الـ 100 ألف نسمة، واليوم هي عاصمة إحدى الدول السبع العظمى وعاصمة عالمية تجاوز عدد سكانها المليون نسمة. The history of Ottawa, capital of Canada, was shaped by events such as the construction of the Rideau Canal, the lumber industry, the choice of Ottawa as the location of Canada's capital, as well as American and European influences and interactions. By 1914, Ottawa's population had surpassed 100,000 and today it is the capital of a G7 country whose metropolitan population exceeds one million.
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The history of Ottawa, capital of Canada, was shaped by events such as the construction of the Rideau Canal, the lumber industry, the choice of Ottawa as the location of Canada's capital, as well as American and European influences and interactions. By 1914, Ottawa's population had surpassed 100,000 and today it is the capital of a G7 country whose metropolitan population exceeds one million. The origin of the name "Ottawa" is derived from the Algonquin word adawe, meaning "to trade". The word refers to the indigenous peoples who used the river to trade, hunt, fish, camp, harvest plants, ceremonies, and for other traditional uses. The first maps made of the area started to name the major river after these peoples. For centuries, Algonquin people have portaged through the waterways of both the Ottawa River and the Rideau River while passing through the area. French explorer Étienne Brûlé was credited as the first European to see the Chaudière Falls in 1610, and he too had to portage past them to get further inland. No permanent settlement occurred in the area until 1800 when Philemon Wright founded his village near the falls, on the north shore of the Ottawa River. The construction of the Rideau Canal, spurred by concerns for defense following the War of 1812 and plans made by Lieutenant Colonel John By and Governor General Dalhousie began shortly after September 26, 1826 when Ottawa's predecessor, Bytown was founded. Lt. Colonel John By was an officer of the Royal Engineers commissioned by the British Government in 1826 to superintend the construction of the Rideau Canal. The founding was marked by a sod turning, and a letter from Dalhousie which authorized Colonel By to divide up the town into lots. The town developed into a site for the timber, and later sawed lumber trade, causing growth so that in 1854, Bytown was created a city and its present name, Ottawa was conferred. Shortly afterward, Queen Victoria chose Ottawa as the capital of Canada; and the parliament buildings on Parliament Hill were soon completed. Also at this time, increased export sales led it to connect by rail to facilitate shipment to markets especially in the United States. In the early 1900s the lumber industry waned as both supply and demand lessened. Growth continued in the 20th century, and by the 1960s, the Greber Plan transformed the capital's appearance and removed much of the old industrial infrastructure. By the 1980s, Ottawa had become known as Silicon Valley North after large high tech companies formed, bringing economic prosperity and assisting in causing large increases in population in the last several decades of the century. In 2001, the city amalgamated all areas in the former region, and today plans continue in areas such as growth and transportation. Con il prosciugamento del circa 10.000 anni fa, la valle di Ottawa divenne abitabile. L'area venne abitata dagli Odawa della famiglia degli Algonchini, facenti parte del gruppo degli Anishinaabeg, che chiamavano il fiume Ottawa "Kichi Sibi" o "Kichissippi" che significa "Grande fiume" e che mantenevano una rotta commerciale lungo il fiume per un tempo relativamente breve. La parola Ottawa deriva dal vocabolo algonchino adawe ovvero commerciare, poiché i nativi cacciavano, si accampavano, commerciavano e viaggiavano nell'area, che abitavano un area estesa fino alla Georgian Bay ed al Lago Huron. Nel 1610 l'esploratore francese Étienne Brûlé divenne il primo europeo a risalire il fiume Ottawa fino alle , seguito da Samuel de Champlain nel 1613, assistiti dalle guide native. Documenti scritti mostrano che nel 1613 gli Algonchini avevano il controllo della valle di Ottawa e delle aree circostanti a ovest e a nord. Mappa di Ottawa di Samuel de Champlain del 1632. Nel 1632 de Champlain creò una mappa che mostrava una parte della rotta che percorse sul fiume nel 1616, con numeri usati per indicare i siti che visitò, rapide significative e accampamenti aborigeni. I numeri 77 e 91 corrispondono rispettivamente alle posizioni dell'odierna città di Ottawa e del , 80 segna la posizione delle grandi rapide a sud di Grand Calumet Island, 81 mostra il sito di Allumette Island, 82 corrisponde all'incirca alla posizione dell'odierno villaggio di Fort-Coulonge e di un insediamento algonchino che esisteva al tempo dei viaggi di Champlain. Champlain scrisse sia delle ad est dell'odierna città, sia delle ad ovest, che in seguito sarebbero state impiegate nell'industria del legname. A differenza di alcune parti di Gatineau e di aree più a monte, non ci sono indicazioni di alcun insediamento nell'odierna Ottawa per i due secoli successivi, tuttavia il fiume Ottawa e il fiume Rideau erano utilizzati per i viaggi. Le cascate Chaudière erano e sono tuttora impraticabili per qualsiasi traffico, quindi si ricorreva al portage via terra durante i viaggi dalla foce del fiume Ottawa alle terre dell'interno e ai Grandi Laghi. Molti missionari, coureur de bois e viaggiatori passarono da Ottawa, come il martire gesuita, in viaggio verso i nativi Uroni, Jean de Brébeuf nel 1634, gli esploratori Médard de Groseilliers nel 1654 e il suo fratellastro Pierre-Esprit Radisson nel 1659, Pierre de La Vérendrye, che fece quattro viaggi a ovest negli anni 1730 e 1740, e successivamente Alexander Mackenzie, e nell'ultimo ventennio del XVIII secolo. A essi si aggiunge che commerciava utilizzando il vicino fiume Gatineau, che da egli prende il nome. Gli Algonchini, però, non erano gli unici abitanti dell'Ontario. Durante il XVII secolo, essi e gli Uroni combatterono un'aspra guerra contro gli Irochesi. I viaggi di Champlain lo portarono al centro del territorio degli Uroni, vicino al lago Simcoe, che aiutò nelle loro battaglie contro la Confederazione Irochese. Di conseguenza gli Irochesi divennero nemici dei francesi e si scatenarono dei conflitti noti come guerre franco-irochesi, fino alla firma della nel 1701. تشكّل تاريخ أتاوا، عاصمة كندا، إثر سلسلة أحداث عديدة مثل بناء قناة ريدو، وازدهار صناعة الخشب، واختيار أوتاوا لتكون موقع العاصمة الكندية، بالإضافة إلى التأثيرات والتدخلات الأمريكية والأوروبية. بحلول عام 1914، تجاوز تعداد سكان أوتاوا الـ 100 ألف نسمة، واليوم هي عاصمة إحدى الدول السبع العظمى وعاصمة عالمية تجاوز عدد سكانها المليون نسمة. كلمة «أوتاوا» مشتقة من كلمة «أداوي» بلغة شعب ألغونكون، والتي تعني «تجارة». تشير الكلمة إلى الشعوب الأصلية التي استخدمت النهر للتجارة والصيد وصيد الأسماك والتخييم وزراعة المحاصيل والاحتفالات، واستخدامات تقليدية أخرى. بدأت تسمية الأنهار الكبرى في الخرائط الأولى للمنطقة باسم تلك الشعوب. نقل شعب ألغونكون بضائعهم عبر المجاري المائية لنهري أوتاوا وريدو على مر قرون. كان المستكشف الفرنسي إتيان برولي أول أوروبي يشاهد شلالات شوديير عام 1610، وكان عليه أيضًا التنقل عبر تلك الشلالات ليصل إلى الأراضي الداخلية الأبعد. لم تنشأ مستوطنات دائمة في المنطقة حتى عام 1800، عندما أسس فيليمون رايت قريته قرب الشلالات، على الساحل الشمالي لنهر أوتاوا. بدأت عملية تأسيس قناة ريدو، إثر مخاوفٍ تتعلق بالدفاع عقب حرب عام 1812، والخطط التي وضعها المقدّم جون باي والحاكم الجنرال دالهاوزي بعد فترة قصيرة من تأسيس بلدة بايتاون في السادس والعشرين من شهر سبتمبر عام 1826، وبايتاون هو الاسم السابق لأوتاوا. كان المقدم جون باي ضابطًا في كتيبة المهندسين الملكية، وحصل على تفويضٍ من الحكومة البريطانية عام 1826 للإشراف على بناء قناة ريدو. بعد فترة قصيرة، اختارت الملكة فيكتوريا مدينة أوتاوا لتصبح عاصمة كندا، واكتمل بناء مباني البرلمان في «هضبة البرلمان» بسرعة. في تلك الفترة، أدى ازدياد الواردات إلى ربط المدينة بشبكة من السكك الحديدية لتسهيل عملية شحن البضائع، إلى الولايات المتحدة تحديدًا. في أوائل العقد الأول من القرن العشرين، ضعفت صناعة الخشب بسبب تضاؤل الموارد والطلب عليها. استمر النمو خلال القرن العشرين، وبحلول ستينيات القرن الماضي، غيّرت خطة غريبر شكل العاصمة وأزالت الكثير من البنى الصناعية التحتية القديمة. بحلول ثمانينيات القرن الماضي، أصبحت أوتاوا تُعرف باسم «وادي السيليكون الشمالي» جراء تأسيس عددٍ من شركات التقنية العالية الكبرى، ما أدى إلى جلب الازدهار الاقتصادي وساهم في ازدياد تعداد السكان بشكل كبير في العقود الأخيرة من القرن. في عام 2001، دُمجت كل المناطق في الإقليم، ولا تزال الخطط مستمرة في مجالات مثل النمو ووسائل النقل.
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