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dbr:History_of_colonialism
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Stair an choilíneachais تاريخ الاستعمار Europese kolonisatie History of colonialism
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Europese kolonisatie is de historische kolonisatie van andere werelddelen door (met name West-)Europese landen.Vanaf de 15e eeuw vestigden West-Europese handelaars handelsposten en factorijen op verre overzeese kusten en verdedigen die zo nodig met wapens. Deze handelsposten groeiden soms uit tot forten en soms ook tot een permanente nederzetting van Europeanen. Daarmee werden de handelsposten ook kolonies genoemd. Soms werden vanuit deze kustkolonies gebieden meer landinwaarts veroverd en onder Europees bestuur gebracht. De Spanjaarden en Portugezen begonnen daarmee in de 16e eeuw in Amerika. Ook deze veroverde gebieden werden kolonies genoemd, al is dat eigenlijk een onjuiste benaming. Juister zou zijn: geannexeerd of veroverd gebied. Vestiging van Europeanen in die gebieden was in het b The historical phenomenon of colonization is one that stretches around the globe and across time. Ancient and medieval colonialism was practiced by the Phoenicians, the Greeks, the Turks, and the Arabs. The second industrial revolution, in the 19th century, led to what has been termed the era of New Imperialism, when the pace of colonization rapidly accelerated, the height of which was the Scramble for Africa, in which Belgium, Germany and Italy were also participants. Tá feiniméan stairiúil an choilínithe ar cheann a shíneann ar fud na cruinne agus thar am. Chleachtaigh na Féinicigh, na Gréagaigh, na Turcaigh, agus na hArabaigh an coilíneachas sa chianaois agus sa mheánaois. Thosaigh an coilíneachas sa chiall chomhaimseartha le " Ré na Fionnachtana ", fagus na Portaingéalaigh ar thosach an tslua, agus ansin ag taiscéalaíocht na Spáinne ar Mheiriceá, chóstaí na hAfraice, Iardheisceart na hÁise ar a dtugtar freisin an Meánoirthear, an India, agus Oirthear na hÁise . Ba iad impireachtaí na Portaingéile agus na Spáinne na chéad impireachtaí domhanda mar ba iad na chéad impireachtaí a shíneadh trasna ilchríocha éagsúla, ag clúdach críocha ollmhóra ar fud na cruinne. Idir 1580 agus 1640, bhí an dá impireacht á rialú ag monarcaí na Spáinne in aontas pearsanta امتدت ظاهرة الاستعمار تاريخيا في جميع أنحاء العالم وعبر الزمن. مارس الاستعمار القديم والعصور الوسطى من قبل الفينيقيين والإغريق والصليبيين وغيرهم. بدأ الاستعمار بالمعنى الحديث أو الإمبريالية في القرن ال15 تزامنًا مع «عصر الاستكشاف» بقيادة البرتغاليين، ثم بالاستكشاف الإسباني للأمريكتين وسواحل إفريقيا والشرق الأوسط والهند وشرق آسيا. كانت الإمبراطوريتان البرتغالية والإسبانية أول إمبراطوريتين عالميتين لأنهما كانتا أول من امتدتا عبر قارات مختلفة، وغطت مناطق شاسعة حول العالم. وفي القرنين السادس عشر والسابع عشر أنشأت إنجلترا وفرنسا والجمهورية الهولندية أيضًا إمبراطورياتهم في ماوراء البحار في منافسة مباشرة مع بعضهم البعض.
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Europese kolonisatie is de historische kolonisatie van andere werelddelen door (met name West-)Europese landen.Vanaf de 15e eeuw vestigden West-Europese handelaars handelsposten en factorijen op verre overzeese kusten en verdedigen die zo nodig met wapens. Deze handelsposten groeiden soms uit tot forten en soms ook tot een permanente nederzetting van Europeanen. Daarmee werden de handelsposten ook kolonies genoemd. Soms werden vanuit deze kustkolonies gebieden meer landinwaarts veroverd en onder Europees bestuur gebracht. De Spanjaarden en Portugezen begonnen daarmee in de 16e eeuw in Amerika. Ook deze veroverde gebieden werden kolonies genoemd, al is dat eigenlijk een onjuiste benaming. Juister zou zijn: geannexeerd of veroverd gebied. Vestiging van Europeanen in die gebieden was in het begin immers bijzaak: er gingen wel enkele Europeanen wonen, meestal voor beperkte tijd, maar vooral om het gebied te ‘besturen’, onder de duim te houden. Doel van deze ‘kolonies’ was vooral exploitatie van het gebied voor de levering van producten, grondstoffen en delfstoffen, en vermoedelijk ook prestige. Toen in Europa het besef groeide dat het beleid ten aanzien van dit laatste type ‘kolonies’ vooral het Europese belang vooropstelt en daarmee de belangen van de inheemse bevolking vaak schaadt, ontstond de term kolonialisme, ook wel gedefinieerd als ‘denk- en handelwijze van de koloniale mogendheid waarbij het belang van het moederland overheerst’. امتدت ظاهرة الاستعمار تاريخيا في جميع أنحاء العالم وعبر الزمن. مارس الاستعمار القديم والعصور الوسطى من قبل الفينيقيين والإغريق والصليبيين وغيرهم. بدأ الاستعمار بالمعنى الحديث أو الإمبريالية في القرن ال15 تزامنًا مع «عصر الاستكشاف» بقيادة البرتغاليين، ثم بالاستكشاف الإسباني للأمريكتين وسواحل إفريقيا والشرق الأوسط والهند وشرق آسيا. كانت الإمبراطوريتان البرتغالية والإسبانية أول إمبراطوريتين عالميتين لأنهما كانتا أول من امتدتا عبر قارات مختلفة، وغطت مناطق شاسعة حول العالم. وفي القرنين السادس عشر والسابع عشر أنشأت إنجلترا وفرنسا والجمهورية الهولندية أيضًا إمبراطورياتهم في ماوراء البحار في منافسة مباشرة مع بعضهم البعض. شهدت نهاية القرن الثامن عشر ومنتصف القرن التاسع عشر الحقبة الأولى من إنهاء الاستعمار، عندما حصلت معظم المستعمرات الأوروبية في الأمريكتين، ولا سيما مستعمرات إسبانيا وفرنسا الجديدة والمستعمرات الثلاثة عشر، على استقلالها من عاصمتها. وجهت مملكة بريطانيا العظمى (التي توحدت بين اسكتلندا وإنجلترا) وفرنسا والبرتغال والهولنديين انتباههم إلى العالم القديم، وخاصة جنوب إفريقيا والهند وجنوب شرق آسيا، حيث تم بالفعل إنشاء مستوطنات ساحلية. أدت الثورة الصناعية الثانية في القرن التاسع عشر إلى ما أُصطلح على تسميته بعصر الإمبريالية الجديدة، حيث تسارعت وتيرة الاستعمار بسرعة، وكان ذروتها التدافع على أفريقيا، حيث شاركت بلجيكا وألمانيا وإيطاليا أيضًا. . وفي غضون القرن ال20، وُزعت مستعمرات الدول الخاسرة في الحرب العالمية الأولى بين الدول المنتصرة باعتبارها ولايات، ولكن لم تبدأ المرحلة الثانية من إنهاء الاستعمار بشكل جدي إلا بنهاية الحرب العالمية الثانية. وفي سنة 1999 تنازلت البرتغال عن آخر المستعمرات الأوروبية في آسيا، وهي ماكاو إلى الصين، وأنتهت بذلك حقبة استمرت ستمائة عام. Tá feiniméan stairiúil an choilínithe ar cheann a shíneann ar fud na cruinne agus thar am. Chleachtaigh na Féinicigh, na Gréagaigh, na Turcaigh, agus na hArabaigh an coilíneachas sa chianaois agus sa mheánaois. Thosaigh an coilíneachas sa chiall chomhaimseartha le " Ré na Fionnachtana ", fagus na Portaingéalaigh ar thosach an tslua, agus ansin ag taiscéalaíocht na Spáinne ar Mheiriceá, chóstaí na hAfraice, Iardheisceart na hÁise ar a dtugtar freisin an Meánoirthear, an India, agus Oirthear na hÁise . Ba iad impireachtaí na Portaingéile agus na Spáinne na chéad impireachtaí domhanda mar ba iad na chéad impireachtaí a shíneadh trasna ilchríocha éagsúla, ag clúdach críocha ollmhóra ar fud na cruinne. Idir 1580 agus 1640, bhí an dá impireacht á rialú ag monarcaí na Spáinne in aontas pearsanta . I rith an 16ú haois agus an 17ú haois, bhunaigh Sasana, an Fhrainc agus Poblacht na hÍsiltíre a n-impireachtaí féin thar lear freisin, in iomaíocht dhíreach lena chéile. The historical phenomenon of colonization is one that stretches around the globe and across time. Ancient and medieval colonialism was practiced by the Phoenicians, the Greeks, the Turks, and the Arabs. Colonialism in the modern sense began with the "Age of Discovery", led by Portuguese, who became increasingly adventuresome following the conquest of Ceuta in 1415, aiming to control navigation through the Strait of Gibraltar, expand Christianity, obtain plunder, and suppress predation on Portuguese populations by Barbary pirates as part of a longstanding African slave trade; at that point a minor trade, one the Portuguese would soon reverse and surpass. Around 1450, based on North African fishing boats, a lighter ship was developed, the caravel, which could sail further and faster, was highly maneuverable, and could sail "into the wind". Enabled by new nautical technology, with the added incentive to find an alternative "Silk Road" after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 to the Ottoman Empire effectively closed profitable trade routes with Asia, early European exploration of Africa was followed by the Spanish exploration of the Americas, further exploration along the coasts of Africa, and explorations of Southwest Asia (also known as the Middle East), India, and East Asia. The Conquest of the Canary Islands by the Crown of Castille, from 1402 to 1496, has been described as the first instance of European settler colonialism in Africa. In 1462, the previously uninhabited Cape Verde archipelago became the first European settlement in the tropics, and thereafter a site of Jewish exile during the height of the Spanish Inquisition in the 1490s; the Portuguese soon also brought slaves from the West African coast. Because of the economics of plantations, especially sugar, European colonial expansion and slavery would remain linked into the 1800s. The use of exile to penal colonies would also continue. The European discovery of the New World, as named by Amerigo Vespucci in 1503, opened another colonial chapter, beginning with the colonization of the Caribbean in 1493 with Hispaniola (later to become Haiti and the Dominican Republic). The Portuguese and Spanish empires were the first global empires because they were the first to stretch across different continents (discounting Eurasian empires), covering vast territories around the globe. Between 1580 and 1640, the Portuguese and Spanish empires were both ruled by the Spanish monarchs in personal union. During the late 16th and 17th centuries, England, France and the Dutch Republic also established their own overseas empires, in direct competition with one another. The end of the 18th and mid 19th century saw the first era of decolonization, when most of the European colonies in the Americas, notably those of Spain, New France and the 13 colonies, gained their independence from their metropole. The Kingdom of Great Britain (uniting Scotland and England), France, Portugal, and the Dutch turned their attention to the Old World, particularly South Africa, India and Southeast Asia, where coastal enclaves had already been established. The second industrial revolution, in the 19th century, led to what has been termed the era of New Imperialism, when the pace of colonization rapidly accelerated, the height of which was the Scramble for Africa, in which Belgium, Germany and Italy were also participants. There were deadly battles between colonizing states and revolutions from colonized areas shaping areas of control and establishing independent nations. During the 20th century, the colonies of the defeated central powers in World War I were distributed amongst the victors as mandates, but it was not until the end of World War II that the second phase of decolonization began in earnest.
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