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Statements

Subject Item
dbr:Levend
rdfs:label
Levend Levend لاوند Levend
rdfs:comment
Levend or levendi (Arabic lawend) was a name for irregular soldiers. The term originated with the Ottoman Navy, but eventually spread to encompass most irregular troops. The origin of the term is probably from Italian levanti, and was used by the Venetians for the various local troops they raised in the coasts of the Balkans, i.e. Christian Greeks, Albanians, and Dalmatians, to serve in the Venetian navy or as auxiliary troops. The Ottomans, who relied on the same manpower pool (eventually along with Muslim Anatolian Turks), borrowed the name. Gradually, as the Ottoman navy became more professional, the undisciplined levends started to be replaced by regular troops. The name however survived as a generic name for naval troops, particularly the riflemen (tüfekdji). Thus the Imperial Arsenal Levend foren unes milícies irregulars otomanes a les quals es pagava per jornada de servei. Hi havia els levend de mar (deniz), que servien a la marina i els de terra (kara) que servien al continent. Es creu que el seu nom deriva de l'italià levantino que els venecians donaven als soldats reclutats a les seves possessions al Llevant; el nom el van utilitzar els otomans per designar als mercenaris reclutats a la mar Mediterrània, especialment a Grècia i illes gregues, a Dalmàcia i a la costa occidental d'Anatòlia poblada de grecs. لاوند اسم أطلقة العثمانيون على طائفة من العسكر العاملين في الأسطول العثماني. قيل بأنه محرف من الكلمة الإيطالية «لفانتينو» التي تعني الشرقي. عظم شأنهم في عهد السلطان بيازيد الثاني. Il levend o levendi (in arabo lawend) era il nome dato ai soldati irregolari. Il termine trae origine con la marina ottomana, ma alla fine si è diffuso fino a comprendere la maggior parte delle truppe irregolari.
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dbp:first
J. H.
dbp:last
Kramers
dbp:pages
23
dbp:title
Lewend
dbp:volume
5
dbo:abstract
Levend foren unes milícies irregulars otomanes a les quals es pagava per jornada de servei. Hi havia els levend de mar (deniz), que servien a la marina i els de terra (kara) que servien al continent. Es creu que el seu nom deriva de l'italià levantino que els venecians donaven als soldats reclutats a les seves possessions al Llevant; el nom el van utilitzar els otomans per designar als mercenaris reclutats a la mar Mediterrània, especialment a Grècia i illes gregues, a Dalmàcia i a la costa occidental d'Anatòlia poblada de grecs. El nom deriva del Levantino, que significa persona del Llevant (Mediterrani Oriental) en italià. Així era com els italians (genovesos i venecians) solien anomenar els mariners otomans, un nom que va ser adoptat també pels mateixos turc-otomans. L'ús de la paraula levend per a la descripció dels mariners va aparèixer per primera vegada en turc otomà durant el segle xvi. Aquest nom es va aplicar al barri, ja que en el segle xviii, el kapudan paixà otomà Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Paşa tenia una granja aquí i al segle xix es va construir un conjunt de casernes navals en l'àrea de la granja. لاوند اسم أطلقة العثمانيون على طائفة من العسكر العاملين في الأسطول العثماني. قيل بأنه محرف من الكلمة الإيطالية «لفانتينو» التي تعني الشرقي. عظم شأنهم في عهد السلطان بيازيد الثاني. Levend or levendi (Arabic lawend) was a name for irregular soldiers. The term originated with the Ottoman Navy, but eventually spread to encompass most irregular troops. The origin of the term is probably from Italian levanti, and was used by the Venetians for the various local troops they raised in the coasts of the Balkans, i.e. Christian Greeks, Albanians, and Dalmatians, to serve in the Venetian navy or as auxiliary troops. The Ottomans, who relied on the same manpower pool (eventually along with Muslim Anatolian Turks), borrowed the name. Gradually, as the Ottoman navy became more professional, the undisciplined levends started to be replaced by regular troops. The name however survived as a generic name for naval troops, particularly the riflemen (tüfekdji). Thus the Imperial Arsenal in Constantinople contained two barracks for levends. Thus in the 17th and 18th centuries, levend came to refer to irregular mercenaries, mostly infantry but also cavalry, used alongside other terms. Like the mercenaries and condottieri of Western Europe, the levend formed true "free companies"; their employer was either the Ottoman central government, which was increasingly pressed for fresh troops to match the growing strength of its various neighbours, and to offset the decline of its once-formidable kapikulu soldiery, or various provincial magnates and governors. A notable aspect of Ottoman mercenaries is that they served away from their home region; thus Albanians served in the Middle East, and Anatolian Turks in Europe or North Africa. When without employment, however, the levends often turned to brigandage, and the term quickly came to denote any "vagabond and rascal". At the turn of the 18th century, the Ottoman authorities tried to counter the activities of roving levend bands by offering them employment in the new military corps of deli and . Later, repeated expeditions were waged against them in Anatolia in 1737, 1747, 1752, 1759, and 1763. Even when they formed part of a governor's retinue, however, they had a reputation for criminal behaviour and licentiousness, as records from the Ottoman provinces and the tales of Western travellers show. Il levend o levendi (in arabo lawend) era il nome dato ai soldati irregolari. Il termine trae origine con la marina ottomana, ma alla fine si è diffuso fino a comprendere la maggior parte delle truppe irregolari. Il termine deriva probabilmente dall'italiano levantino o da una parola persiana, ed era usato dai veneziani per le varie truppe locali che erano radunate nelle coste dei balcaniche, ovvero i cristiani greci, albanesi e dalmati, che prestavano servizio nella marina veneziana o come truppe ausiliarie per difendere i possedimenti nel Levante. Gli ottomani, che facevano affidamento sulla stessa manodopera (eventualmente insieme ai turchi anatolici musulmani), presero in prestito il nome. Gradualmente, man mano che la marina ottomana diventava più professionale, le truppe indisciplinate iniziarono a essere sostituite da truppe regolari. La denominazione tuttavia sopravvisse come nome generico per le truppe navali, in particolare i fucilieri (tüfekdji). Di conseguenza l'Arsenale Imperiale di Costantinopoli comprendeva due caserme per i levend. Così, nei secoli XVII e XVIII, il levend finì per riferirsi a mercenari irregolari, per lo più di fanteria ma anche di cavalleria, usati insieme ad altri termini. Come i mercenari e i condottieri dell'Europa occidentale, i levend formavano vere e proprie "libere compagnie"; il loro committente era il governo centrale ottomano, che era sempre più pressato per nuove truppe per eguagliare la crescente forza dei suoi vari vicini, e per compensare il declino della sua formidabile forza militare dei kapikulu, o i vari magnati e governatori provinciali. Un aspetto notevole dei mercenari ottomani è che servivano lontano dalla loro regione d'origine; pertanto gli albanesi prestavano servizio in Medio Oriente e i turchi anatolici in Europa o in Nord Africa. Quando erano senza lavoro, tuttavia, i levend si convertivano spesso in briganti, e il termine arrivò rapidamente a denotare qualsiasi "vagabondo e mascalzone". A cavallo del XVIII secolo, le autorità ottomane cercarono di contrastare le attività delle bande erranti dei levend offrendo loro un'occupazione nel nuovo corpo militare dei deli (cavalleria) e dei gönüllü (volontari). In seguito, furono condotte ripetute spedizioni contro di loro in Anatolia nel 1737, 1747, 1752, 1759 e 1763. Anche quando facevano parte del seguito di un governatore, tuttavia, avevano una reputazione legata a comportamenti criminali e di licenziosità, come documentano i racconti dei viaggiatori occidentali nelle province ottomane.
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