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Lowelleko Errotako Neskak Lowell Mill Girls Lowell mill girls
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Lowelleko Errotako Neskak (ingelesez: Lowell Mill Girls) Ameriketako Industria Iraultzan zehar Massachusettseko Lowell industriara lanera etorri ziren neska gazteak ziren. Langileak, korporazioek errekrutatu zituztenak, Ingalaterra Berriko baserritarren alabak ziren, 15 eta 35 urte bitartekoak. 1840an, Industria Iraultzaren goren unean, ehun-fabrikak 8.000 emakume baina gehiago bildu zituzten. Lowell Mill Girls est le nom que reçurent les ouvrières du textile de la ville de Lowell (Massachusetts) au XIXe siècle. Les usines textile de Lowell, têtes de pont de la Révolution industrielle aux États-Unis, présentaient la particularité, unique pour l'époque, d'employer une main d'œuvre constituée aux trois-quarts de femmes âgées de 16 à 35 ans. The Lowell mill girls were young female workers who came to work in textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, during the Industrial Revolution in the United States. The workers initially recruited by the corporations were daughters of New England farmers, typically between the ages of 15 and 35. By 1840, at the height of the Textile Revolution, the Lowell textile mills had recruited over 8,000 workers, with women making up nearly three-quarters of the mill workforce.
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Lowelleko Errotako Neskak (ingelesez: Lowell Mill Girls) Ameriketako Industria Iraultzan zehar Massachusettseko Lowell industriara lanera etorri ziren neska gazteak ziren. Langileak, korporazioek errekrutatu zituztenak, Ingalaterra Berriko baserritarren alabak ziren, 15 eta 35 urte bitartekoak. 1840an, Industria Iraultzaren goren unean, ehun-fabrikak 8.000 emakume baina gehiago bildu zituzten. Hasierako periodoan, emakumeak beraien kabuz joaten ziren fabriketara hainbat arrazoiengatik: nebei unibertsitatea ordaintzen laguntzeko, Lowelleko hezkuntza aukerengatik edota aparteko diru-sartzeak lortzeko. Beraien soldatak gizonen soldaten erdia zirelarik, askok independentzia ekonomikoa lortu zuten lehen aldiz, beraien aita eta gizonen kontroletik kanpo. Ondorioz, bizitza zapaltzailea izan arren, emakumeei genero estereotipoak zalantzan jartzea ahalbidetu zieten. Hala ere, fabrika-sistema berria bistakoa egin zenean, emakume asko Estatu Batuetako langile-mugimendura batu ziren, aldaketa sozialen kontra borrokatzeko. 1845ean, hainbat greba eta manifestazioen ondoren, hainbat langile Estatu Batuetako emakume langileen batasuna eratzeko batu ziren, Lowell Female Labor Reform Association. Elkarteak The Voice of Industry izeneko egunkari bat sortu zuen, non langileek kritikak argitaratzen zituzten. The Voicek kontrastea markatzen zuen emakumeek idazten zituzten beste egunkariekin; izan ere gainerakoek ikuspegi optimista batetik idazten zuten. The Lowell mill girls were young female workers who came to work in textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, during the Industrial Revolution in the United States. The workers initially recruited by the corporations were daughters of New England farmers, typically between the ages of 15 and 35. By 1840, at the height of the Textile Revolution, the Lowell textile mills had recruited over 8,000 workers, with women making up nearly three-quarters of the mill workforce. During the early period, women came to the mills for various reasons: to help a brother pay for college, for the educational opportunities offered in Lowell, or to earn supplemental income for the family. Francis Cabot Lowell emphasized the importance of providing housing and a form of education to mirror the boarding schools that were emerging in the 19th century. He also wanted to provide an environment that sharply contrasted the poor conditions of the British Mills notoriously portrayed by Dickens. While their wages were only half of what men were paid, many women were able to attain economic independence for the first time, free from controlling fathers and husbands. On average, the Lowell mill girls earned between three and four dollars per week. The cost of boarding ranged between seventy-five cents and $1.25, giving them the ability to acquire good clothes, books, and savings. The girls created book clubs and published journals such as the Lowell Offering, which provided a literary outlet for the girls with stories about life in the mills. The demands of factory life enabled these women to challenge gender stereotypes. Over time, adult women would displace child labor, which an increasing number of factory owners, such as Lowell, were disinclined to hire. As the "factory system" matured, however, many women joined the broader American labor movement, to protest increasingly harsh working conditions. Labor historian Philip Foner observed, "they succeeded in raising serious questions about woman’s so-called ‘place’." In 1845, after a number of protests and strikes, many operatives came together to form the first union of working women in the United States, the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association. The Association adopted a newspaper called the Voice of Industry, in which workers published sharp critiques of the new industrialism. The Voice stood in sharp contrast to other literary magazines published by female operatives. Lowell Mill Girls est le nom que reçurent les ouvrières du textile de la ville de Lowell (Massachusetts) au XIXe siècle. Les usines textile de Lowell, têtes de pont de la Révolution industrielle aux États-Unis, présentaient la particularité, unique pour l'époque, d'employer une main d'œuvre constituée aux trois-quarts de femmes âgées de 16 à 35 ans. Recrutées dans les campagnes de Nouvelle-Angleterre, elles étaient soumises par leurs employeurs à un contrôle étroit qui devait garantir la moralité de leur comportement : logées dans des pensions, elles étaient placées sous la surveillance de chaperonnes. Cet entre-soi essentiellement féminin fut à l'origine d'une cohésion qui déboucha sur plusieurs conflits sociaux, ainsi que sur des campagnes de pétitions à l'adresse de la chambre des représentants de l'État, en faveur d'une législation sur les conditions et le temps de travail. Les ouvrières éditèrent également plusieurs magazines littéraires, comme le Lowell Offering qui publiait des essais, de la poésie et des fictions écrites par les ouvrières elles-mêmes.
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