This HTML5 document contains 159 embedded RDF statements represented using HTML+Microdata notation.

The embedded RDF content will be recognized by any processor of HTML5 Microdata.

Namespace Prefixes

PrefixIRI
dctermshttp://purl.org/dc/terms/
yago-reshttp://yago-knowledge.org/resource/
n30http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/
dbohttp://dbpedia.org/ontology/
n13http://dbpedia.org/resource/File:
foafhttp://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dbpedia-kohttp://ko.dbpedia.org/resource/
n21https://books.google.com/
n24https://global.dbpedia.org/id/
n16https://archive.org/
yagohttp://dbpedia.org/class/yago/
schemahttp://schema.org/
dbthttp://dbpedia.org/resource/Template:
rdfshttp://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
freebasehttp://rdf.freebase.com/ns/
n10http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/
rdfhttp://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
n19http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/
owlhttp://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
dbpedia-ithttp://it.dbpedia.org/resource/
dbpedia-vihttp://vi.dbpedia.org/resource/
n17https://archive.org/details/
wikipedia-enhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
dbpedia-zhhttp://zh.dbpedia.org/resource/
dbchttp://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:
dbphttp://dbpedia.org/property/
n20http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/
provhttp://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
xsdhhttp://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
dbpedia-idhttp://id.dbpedia.org/resource/
goldhttp://purl.org/linguistics/gold/
wikidatahttp://www.wikidata.org/entity/
dbrhttp://dbpedia.org/resource/

Statements

Subject Item
dbr:Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)
rdf:type
yago:Language106282651 yago:Communication100033020 yago:Abstraction100002137 owl:Thing wikidata:Q315 dbo:Language schema:Language
rdfs:label
明清官話 명청관화 Bahasa Mandarin Pertengahan Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca) Guanhua
rdfs:comment
명청관화(중국어 간체자: 明清官话, 정체자: 明淸官話, 병음: Guānhuà, 직역: 관용 언어) 혹은 만다린(Mandarin), 후기제국 공용어(late imperial lingua franca)는 명(明)과 청(淸) 두 왕조 시기에 중화제국(中華帝國, Chinese empire) 행정에서 공용어로 사용된 언어이다. 그것은 중국의 여러 지역에서 사용되는 여러 중국어의 상호불통성(mutual unintelligibility)을 피한다는 실용적인 조치로 등장했다. 따라서 관화 습득은 관력(官履)에 필수였으나 공식적으로 정의된 적은 없다. 관화는 만다린 방언에 기초한 코이네(koiné)였다. 남경(南京) 주변에서 사용되는 남방 관화 변종은 명말에 널리 퍼졌지만, 나중에 북경 방언에 기초한 형식이 19세기 중반에 무대를 차지했고 20세기에 표준 중국어로 발전했다. 일부 19세기 작품에서는 궁중 방언(court dialect)이라고 불렀다. 明清官话，明清时期通用语，因在官场通用而得名。明初繼承元，即“一以中原雅音为正”，結合音韻傳統，在元代音系的基礎上有所增益，且並非以某個地方的話為準，形成了以南方官話为基础的南京官话作为国家标准语音。後來北方官话形成，影響力逐漸擴大，清中期之後，北方官话中的北京官話開始逐渐替代南京官話成為通語。與此同時，南京官話保有一定威望，清末卢戆章创制中國切音新字，仍然倡议以南京话为“各省之正音”，可见南京官话在清末仍然有很大的影响。到了民国，復經京國之爭，北京官话被确定为国语，以后在中国大陆改称普通话。 明清时期，官话使用范围广泛。据明朝来华传教士所著《利玛窦中国札记》记载：“除了不同省份的各种方言，也就是乡音之外，还有一种整个帝国通用的口语，被称为官话（Quonhoa），是民用和法庭用的官方语言。……官话现在在受过教育的阶级当中很流行，并且在外省人和他们所要访问的那个省份的居民之间使用。……各省的方言在上流社会是不说的，虽然有教养的人在他的本乡可能说方言以示亲热，或者在外省也因乡土观念而说乡音。这种官方的国语用得很普遍，就连妇孺也都听得懂。” Il guanhua (官话S, guānhuàP, letteralmente "lingua degli ufficiali") era il linguaggio comune parlato dagli ufficiali imperiali e dai membri dell'amministrazione imperiale durante le dinastie Ming e Qing. Mandarin (traditional Chinese: 官話; simplified Chinese: 官话; pinyin: Guānhuà; lit. 'official speech') was the common spoken language of administration of the Chinese empire during the Ming and Qing dynasties. It arose as a practical measure, to circumvent the mutual unintelligibility of the varieties of Chinese spoken in different parts of China. Knowledge of this language was thus essential for an official career, but it was never formally defined. The language was a koiné based on Mandarin dialects. The southern variant spoken around Nanjing was prevalent in the late Ming era, although later on a form based on the Beijing dialect took the stage by the mid-19th century and developed into Standard Chinese in the 20th century. In some 19th-century works, it was called the court dialect.
foaf:name
Mandarin
dbp:name
Mandarin
foaf:depiction
n10:Men_of_mandarin_class_in_Y.M.C.A.,_China_LCCN2001705602.jpg n10:Fourmont-Zhongguo-Guanhua.png n10:Ricci-Ruggieri-Portuguese-Chinese-dictionary-page-1.png
dcterms:subject
dbc:Ming_dynasty dbc:History_of_the_Chinese_language dbc:Qing_dynasty_culture dbc:Languages_attested_from_the_14th_century dbc:Mandarin_Chinese
dbo:wikiPageID
41088278
dbo:wikiPageRevisionID
1118662055
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Hangul dbr:Affricate_consonant dbr:Jiang-Huai_Mandarin dbr:Glottal_consonant dbr:Palatalization_(sound_change) dbr:Glottal_stop n13:Ricci-Ruggieri-Portuguese-Chinese-dictionary-page-1.png dbr:Velar_consonant dbr:Shin_Suk-ju dbc:History_of_the_Chinese_language dbr:Joseph_Edkins dbr:Thomas_Francis_Wade dbr:Koiné_language dbr:Cambridge_University_Press dbr:Standard_Chinese dbr:Varieties_of_Chinese dbr:Ming_dynasty dbr:Coronal_consonant dbr:Open_vowel dbr:Voiced_consonant dbr:Literary_Chinese dbr:Voiceless_consonant dbr:Sibilant dbr:Labial_consonant n13:Men_of_mandarin_class_in_Y.M.C.A.,_China_LCCN2001705602.jpg dbr:Plosive dbr:Michele_Ruggieri dbc:Qing_dynasty_culture dbr:Fricative_consonant dbr:Francisco_Varo dbr:Arcadio_Huang dbr:Hongwu_Emperor dbr:Mandarin_dialects dbr:Robert_Morrison_(missionary) dbr:Choe_Sejin dbr:Jesuit dbr:Rhyme_table dbr:Song_dynasty dbr:Beijing dbr:Sinitic_languages dbr:Written_vernacular_Chinese dbr:Weldon_South_Coblin dbr:Herbert_Giles dbr:Matteo_Ricci dbr:Retroflex_consonant dbr:Qing_dynasty dbr:Joseph_Prémare dbr:Nanjing dbr:Mandarin_(bureaucrat) dbr:Mandarin_Chinese dbc:Languages_attested_from_the_14th_century dbr:Late_Middle_Chinese dbr:Mutual_intelligibility dbr:Fujian dbr:Rhyme_dictionary dbr:Mid_vowel dbc:Mandarin_Chinese dbr:Yongzheng_Emperor dbc:Ming_dynasty dbr:Aspirated_consonant dbr:Nicolas_Trigault dbr:Guangdong dbr:Beijing_dialect dbr:Approximant_consonant dbr:Nasal_stop
dbo:wikiPageExternalLink
n16:search.php%3Fquery=creator%3A%22Morrison%2C+Robert%2C+1782-1834.+n+79139159%22 n17:agrammarchinese00edkigoog n16:search.php%3Fquery=%E6%B4%AA%E6%AD%A6%E6%AD%A3%E9%9F%BB n17:p1dictionaryofch01morruoft n19:pt%3Fid=uc1.b3697629 n20:j2001_2_01_8703.pdf n17:syllabicdictiona00willrich n20:o0004_02_5568.pdf n21:books%3Fid=T6RWAAAAcAAJ n17:yyentzrhchip03wade n17:yyentzuerhchip01wadeuoft n17:02077326.cn n17:02077327.cn n17:dictionaryofcoll00gilerich n17:02077325.cn n17:notitialinguaes00bridgoog n30:btv1b8623306j n17:achineseandengl01stengoog n17:grammarofchinese00morrrich
owl:sameAs
dbpedia-zh:明清官話 dbpedia-vi:Quan_thoại_thời_Minh-Thanh freebase:m.0z8wxrv dbpedia-ko:명청관화 n24:ABs9 dbpedia-id:Bahasa_Mandarin_Pertengahan dbpedia-it:Guanhua wikidata:Q10948482 yago-res:Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)
dbp:wikiPageUsesTemplate
dbt:Chinese_language dbt:Short_description dbt:Refbegin dbt:IPA dbt:Reflist dbt:Refend dbt:Sfnp dbt:Zh dbt:Google_books dbt:Linktext dbt:Citation dbt:Transl dbt:Quote dbt:Infobox_language dbt:Authority_control
dbo:thumbnail
n10:Fourmont-Zhongguo-Guanhua.png?width=300
dbp:era
Ming and Qing dynasties
dbp:fam
dbr:Sinitic_languages
dbp:first
t
dbp:imagecaption
Frontispiece of Fourmont's Chinese grammar : , or
dbp:l
official speech
dbp:labels
no
dbp:p
Guānhuà
dbp:region
China
dbp:s
官话
dbp:t
官話
dbo:abstract
明清官话，明清时期通用语，因在官场通用而得名。明初繼承元，即“一以中原雅音为正”，結合音韻傳統，在元代音系的基礎上有所增益，且並非以某個地方的話為準，形成了以南方官話为基础的南京官话作为国家标准语音。後來北方官话形成，影響力逐漸擴大，清中期之後，北方官话中的北京官話開始逐渐替代南京官話成為通語。與此同時，南京官話保有一定威望，清末卢戆章创制中國切音新字，仍然倡议以南京话为“各省之正音”，可见南京官话在清末仍然有很大的影响。到了民国，復經京國之爭，北京官话被确定为国语，以后在中国大陆改称普通话。 明清时期，官话使用范围广泛。据明朝来华传教士所著《利玛窦中国札记》记载：“除了不同省份的各种方言，也就是乡音之外，还有一种整个帝国通用的口语，被称为官话（Quonhoa），是民用和法庭用的官方语言。……官话现在在受过教育的阶级当中很流行，并且在外省人和他们所要访问的那个省份的居民之间使用。……各省的方言在上流社会是不说的，虽然有教养的人在他的本乡可能说方言以示亲热，或者在外省也因乡土观念而说乡音。这种官方的国语用得很普遍，就连妇孺也都听得懂。” 명청관화(중국어 간체자: 明清官话, 정체자: 明淸官話, 병음: Guānhuà, 직역: 관용 언어) 혹은 만다린(Mandarin), 후기제국 공용어(late imperial lingua franca)는 명(明)과 청(淸) 두 왕조 시기에 중화제국(中華帝國, Chinese empire) 행정에서 공용어로 사용된 언어이다. 그것은 중국의 여러 지역에서 사용되는 여러 중국어의 상호불통성(mutual unintelligibility)을 피한다는 실용적인 조치로 등장했다. 따라서 관화 습득은 관력(官履)에 필수였으나 공식적으로 정의된 적은 없다. 관화는 만다린 방언에 기초한 코이네(koiné)였다. 남경(南京) 주변에서 사용되는 남방 관화 변종은 명말에 널리 퍼졌지만, 나중에 북경 방언에 기초한 형식이 19세기 중반에 무대를 차지했고 20세기에 표준 중국어로 발전했다. 일부 19세기 작품에서는 궁중 방언(court dialect)이라고 불렀다. Mandarin (traditional Chinese: 官話; simplified Chinese: 官话; pinyin: Guānhuà; lit. 'official speech') was the common spoken language of administration of the Chinese empire during the Ming and Qing dynasties. It arose as a practical measure, to circumvent the mutual unintelligibility of the varieties of Chinese spoken in different parts of China. Knowledge of this language was thus essential for an official career, but it was never formally defined. The language was a koiné based on Mandarin dialects. The southern variant spoken around Nanjing was prevalent in the late Ming era, although later on a form based on the Beijing dialect took the stage by the mid-19th century and developed into Standard Chinese in the 20th century. In some 19th-century works, it was called the court dialect. Il guanhua (官话S, guānhuàP, letteralmente "lingua degli ufficiali") era il linguaggio comune parlato dagli ufficiali imperiali e dai membri dell'amministrazione imperiale durante le dinastie Ming e Qing.
dbp:familycolor
Sino-Tibetan
dbp:glotto
none
dbp:isoexception
historical
dbo:languageFamily
dbr:Sinitic_languages
gold:hypernym
dbr:Language
prov:wasDerivedFrom
wikipedia-en:Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)?oldid=1118662055&ns=0
dbo:wikiPageLength
23275
foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf
wikipedia-en:Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)